Intergalactic magnetic fields (IGMFs) can be produced by a number of mechanisms, but are expected to be weak and have not so far been detected. A highly sensitive method of probing weak IGMFs by ...exploiting their effect on the arrival times of gamma-rays from extragalactic sources is proposed.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous non-coding molecules that alters gene expression through post-transcriptional regulation of messenger RNA. Compelling evidence suggest the role of miRNA in ...cancer biology having potential as diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers. This review summarizes the current knowledge on miRNA deregulated in prostate cancer and their role as oncogene, tumor suppressor and metastasis regulators. The emerging information elucidating the biological function of miRNA is promising and may lead to their potential usefulness as diagnostic/prognostic markers and development as effective therapeutic tools for management of prostate cancer.
•Differential miRNA levels have been noted in prostate cancer compared to non-cancer counterparts.•miRNA control AR receptor expression during prostate cancer development and progression.•miRNA expression can be utilized for development of early detection, prognosis and in response to therapy.
Summary
The androgen receptor (AR) and the androgen–AR signaling pathway play a significant role in male sexual differentiation and the development and function of male reproductive and ...non‐reproductive organs. Because of AR's widely varied and important roles, its abnormalities have been identified in various diseases such as androgen insensitivity syndrome, spinal bulbar muscular atrophy, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and prostate cancer. This review provides an overview of the function of androgens and androgen–AR mediated diseases. In addition, the diseases delineated above are discussed with respect to their association with mutations and other post‐transcriptional modifications in the AR. Finally, we present an introduction to the potential therapeutic application of most recent pharmaceuticals including miRNAs in prostate cancer that specifically target the transactivation function of the AR at post‐transcriptional stages.
The flux of photons above 1
TeV from the direction of the centre and a cloud in the western part of the nearby southern supernova remnant (SNR) RX J1713.7-3946 is calculated in the “hadronic ...scenario” that aims to explain the intense VHE radiation from this remnant with the decay of
π
0 pions produced in nuclear collisions. The expected flux from its centre is found to fall short by about factor 40 from the one observed by the HESS collaboration. This discrepancy presents a serious obstacle to the “hadronic scenario”. The theoretically expected flux from the molecular cloud exceeds the one observed by HESS by at least a factor 3. While the size of this discrepancy might still seem acceptable in the face of various theoretical uncertainties, the result strongly suggests a strict spatial correlation of the cloud with an excess of TeV
γ-radiation. The observational lack of such correlations in the remnant reported by HESS is another counter argument against the hadronic scenario. In combination these arguments cannot be refuted by choosing certain parameters for the total energy or acceleration efficiency of the SNR.
It is suggested that an “Einstein-Straus vacuole” – a region of space time with a metric obtained by solving the equations of general relativity of a mass condensation in an expanding universe with ...vanishing cosmological constant – surrounds the cluster of galaxies “Abell 194”. This hypothesis is shown to predict a distribution of galaxy redshifts that is in better accord with observations than the one expected in the cosmological concordance model.
It is shown that if—and only if—“parallel universes” exist, an electroweak vacuum that is expected to have decayed since the big bang with a high probability might exist. It would neither necessarily ...render our existence unlikely nor could it be observed. In this special case the observation of certain combinations of Higgs-boson and top-quark masses—for which the standard model predicts such a decay—cannot be interpreted as evidence for new physics at low energy scales. The question of whether parallel universes exist is of interest to our understanding of the standard model of particle physics.
An attack on the “Bennett-Brassard 84” (BB84) quantum key-exchange protocol in which Eve exploits the action of gravitation to infer information about the quantum-mechanical state of the qubit ...exchanged between Alice and Bob, is described. It is demonstrated that the known laws of physics do not allow to describe the attack. Without making assumptions that are not based on broad consensus, the laws of quantum gravity, unknown up to now, would be needed even for an approximate treatment. Therefore, it is currently not possible to predict with any confidence if information gained in this attack will allow to break BB84. Contrary to previous belief, a proof of the perfect security of BB84 cannot be based on the assumption that the known laws of physics are strictly correct, yet. A speculative parameterization that characterizes the time-evolution operator of quantum gravity for the gravitational attack is presented. It allows to evaluate the results of gravitational attacks on BB84 quantitatively. It is proposed to perform state-of-the-art gravitational attacks, both for a complete security assurance of BB84 and as an unconventional search for experimental effects of quantum gravity.
232 hours of data were accumulated from 1997 to 1999, using the HEGRA Stereoscopic Cherenkov Telescope System to observe the supernova remnant Cassiopeia A. TeV γ-ray emission was detected at the $5 ...\sigma$ level, and a flux of $(5.8 \pm 1.2_{\mathrm{stat}} \pm 1.2_{\mathrm{syst}}) 10^{-9}\ {ph} {m}^{-2} {s}^{-1}$ above 1 TeV was derived. The spectral distribution is consistent with a power law with a differential spectral index of $-2.5 \pm 0.4_{\mathrm{stat}} \pm 0.1_{\mathrm{syst}}$ between 1 and 10 TeV. As this is the first report of the detection of a TeV γ-ray source on the "centi-Crab"scale, we present the analysis in some detail. Implications for the acceleration of cosmic rays depend on the details of the source modeling. We discuss some important aspects in this paper.
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