Motivation: On a macroeconomic scale, competitiveness is conditioned by both the actions of institutions at the central level, decisions taken by the legislative and executive authorities, as well as ...the potential of entrepreneurship, which is diversified depending on the level of socio-economic development of society. In turn, the economic, legal and administrative environment created by the state has a significant influence on the possibilities and way of conducting economic activity, because this environment shapes the external factors of the enterprises competitiveness. Aim: The purpose of this article is the legal-economic analysis regarding advertising of pharmacies and their activities, taking into account a broad spectrum of doctrinal and jurisdiction views. The subject of the analysis is the function and significance of advertising as shaping the potential of enterprise competitiveness in the context of pharmacy activity. The article uses the method of legal regulation analysis. Results: Taking into account the admissibility of the statutory limitation of the principles of shaping an enterprise competitiveness potential, the necessity should be emphasized of correct interpretation of the law, taking into account the objectives of the introduced restriction and applying only a proportional and adequate mechanism for sanctioning its infringements. In the context of the activities of pharmacies, as public health care facilities, the above remarks have special significance. The undisputed supremacy of the public purpose of a pharmacy activity can not deny the importance of an economic goal as the basic mechanism of an enterprise activity, the achievement of which is an economic guarantee of the public purpose implementation.
Motivation: The financial crisis and the collapsing of the financial market as a result of bankruptcy in 2008 of Lehman Brothers bank became the justification for the need for State intervention in ...order to prevent the bankruptcy of other financial institutions and related consequences for the real economy.Results: Essential in this range was the position of the European Commission, whose task is to exercise control over compliance with European rules relating to the Member States intervention in the economy. A special role is played here by rules on granting State aid because their violation can lead to distortions of competition in the Single European Market.Aim: The aim of the article is to analyze the conditions of admissibility of State aid in the European Union, taking into account the rules applicable to the aid for undertakings during the crisis.
State aid to companies is a highly sensitive economic and legal issue that strongly impacts on the functioning of the European Union as an integrating economic system. The special importance of State ...aid arises from the fact that the EU economy is based on the market mechanism and competition. However, State aid to companies breaches – to a greater or lesser degree – the principle of fair competition. For these reasons, State aid is strictly regulated in EU and national legislation. The issue of State aid was a particularly important challenge for many EU countries and for the EU itself during the financial crisis, when many companies and financial institutions were threatened with bankruptcy, which could have deepened the economic crisis. The article presents a review of rules applicable to the State aid for financial institutions during the crisis, especially in form of guarantees for bank debt. The qualitative analysis of State aid granted by the Member States was carried out under the provisions of the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union and the European Commission guidelines on the development and implementation of State aid for banks. Statistical analysis was carried out based on the linear regression model. The response variable (dependent variable Y) was the GDP per capita, and explanatory variable (independent variable X) was the expenditure on guarantees for bank debt.
Purpose: The aim of this article is to analyse legal solutions determining the principles of undertaking and performing pharmacy activities in Poland, with particular emphasis on the importance of ...these solutions to guarantee the public health protection in terms of theory of state interference in the economy. Design/Methodology/Approach: The article uses the method of analysis of legal regulation and the descriptive method. Findings: The object of pharmacy 's activities is the provision of pharmaceutical services that remain in the domain of practising the profession of pharmacist as a profession of public trust. The provisions of Polish Pharmaceutical Law, shaping the principles of rationing pharmaceutical activities in Poland, and thus determining the subjective structure of the pharmacy market, have undergone a particular change, which entered into force on June 25, 2017, giving rise to polarization of participants in the pharmacy market for entrepreneurs. Practical Implications: Considering the existing differentiation of the pharmaceutical activities model, it is necessary to assess the legal conditions of the public health protection guarantee in the field of the entrepreneur's social interest. This assessment should concern both running a pharmacy by a non-pharmacist and an entrepreneur with the right to practice as a pharmacist. Recognizing the close correlation between the economic objective and the public objective of the pharmacy activities, the question should also be asked about the significant changes in Pharmaceutical Law aimed at strengthening the pharmacist's position as an important participant in the market ofpharmacy services. Originality/Value: The implementation of the public health care facility function by the generally accessible pharmacy is in line with the context of public health protection guarantee in the field of the functioning of the pharmacy market, both in terms of the principles of undertaking pharmacy operations as well as legal solutions that determine the pharmacy management model.
This article presents the evolution of the conditions of state aid admissibility to the coal industry, starting with legal regulations within the European Coal and Steel Community, the European ...Community, and now the European Union. The thesis was formulated that, in connection with the expiry on 31 December 2010 of Council regulation No. 1407/2002, on the basis of which the European Commission allowed aid for the national mining industry in different member states in the period before the onset of the financial and economic crisis, the immediate cause of introduction of the next regulation for mining state aid in the form of Council Decision 2010/787/EU on state aid to facilitate the closure of uncompetitive coal mines was the increasing intensity of the aid for the mining industry in recent years.
The Lisbon strategy and the Europe 2020 strategy pointed to the need for a series of reforms to ensure economic growth, while stressing the creation of conditions for the competitiveness of ...enterprises. An important determinant of economic growth is the development of enterprises and entrepreneurship. When considering the impact of enterprise size on its competitiveness, it can be stated that small and mediumsized enterprises play a key role in the development of entrepreneurship. An important factor that, on the one hand, can contribute to the development of small and medium-sized enterprises and the elimination of barriers related to their activities, and on the other can be conducive to regulating the market mechanism, is the system of State intervention, within which State aid can be distinguished. In the single European market, where free competition is the regulator of all on-going processes, there is a rule that State intervention is permissible if the market alone cannot solve certain problems. According to the claims of welfare economics, when there are no premises for market failure, the domain of the State should be only redistribution of income, since the operation of a free-competitive market will ensure efficient allocation of resources. The purpose of the article is to present the issue of competitiveness of the economy, based on the competitiveness of enterprises, from the perspective of solutions adopted as part of the European Union's development strategies in relation to State aid.
The article presents the conditions of admissibility of State aid in the European Union, taking into account the rules applicable to the sectoral aid for enterprises. Pursuant to Article 107 par. 3 ...(c) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), State aid may be compatible with the internal market in so far as it is intended to facilitate the development of certain economic activities. Thus, aid that is determined according to sectoral criteria may be permissible where this leads to the development of that sector. While many aid schemes are sectoral in nature, the European Commission has not sought to develop a sectoral approach in the development of its State aid policy. In general, the main state aid policy instruments governing horizontal aid, such as the guidelines on regional State aid or the guidelines on environmental protection, draw no distinction between different sectors, other than to restrict their application in certain circumstances. Nevertheless, certain sectors have been subjected to different treatment under the State aid rules. In particular, sectors that suffered from over-capacity, such as motor vehicles, synthetic fibres and textiles were subject to individual treatment by the Commission. The article offers an analysis of State aid granted by EU Member States is carried out under the provisions of the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union and the rules of State aid admissibility on the basis of the implementing sectoral regulations. The analysis made it possible to verify the influence of State aid on economic growth in EU Member States, which provided State aid for sectoral development in the years 2000-2017. The analysis was based on a linear regression model. The response variable (dependent variable Y) is the size of the GDP, while the explanatory variable (independent variable X) is the expenditure on State aid for sectoral development.
artykuł z : Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska. Sectio H, Oeconomia. Vol. 50 (2016), 1, s. 147-158 ; streszcz. ang.
Tyt. równol.: Tax Subsidies as a Form of State Aid and General ...Government Sector Debt
Article from: Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska. Sectio H, Oeconomia. Vol. 50 (2016), 1, p. 147-158; summary. English
Tyt. equilol.Podmioty podatkowe jako pomoc państwowa i generalny event
artykuł z : Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska. Sectio H, Oeconomia. Vol. 50 (2016), 1, s. 147-158 ; streszcz. ang.
Tyt. równol.: Tax Subsidies as a Form of State Aid and General Government Sector Debt
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