Lipids are a class of molecules that play an important role in cellular structure and metabolism in all cell types. In the last few decades, it has been reported that long-chain fatty acids (FAs) are ...involved in several biological functions from transcriptional regulation to physiological processes. Several fatty acids have been both positively and negatively implicated in different biological processes in skeletal muscle and other tissues. To gain insight into biological processes associated with fatty acid content in skeletal muscle, the aim of the present study was to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and functional pathways related to gene expression regulation associated with FA content in cattle.
Skeletal muscle transcriptome analysis of 164 Nellore steers revealed no differentially expressed genes (DEGs, FDR 10%) for samples with extreme values for linoleic acid (LA) or stearic acid (SA), and only a few DEGs for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 5 DEGs), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 4 DEGs) and palmitic acid (PA, 123 DEGs), while large numbers of DEGs were associated with oleic acid (OA, 1134 DEGs) and conjugated linoleic acid cis9 trans11 (CLA-c9t11, 872 DEGs). Functional annotation and functional enrichment from OA DEGs identified important genes, canonical pathways and upstream regulators such as SCD, PLIN5, UCP3, CPT1, CPT1B, oxidative phosphorylation mitochondrial dysfunction, PPARGC1A, and FOXO1. Two important genes associated with lipid metabolism, gene expression and cancer were identified as DEGs between animals with high and low CLA-c9t11, specifically, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and RNPS.
Only two out of seven classes of molecules of FA studied were associated with large changes in the expression profile of skeletal muscle. OA and CLA-c9t11 content had significant effects on the expression level of genes related to important biological processes associated with oxidative phosphorylation, and cell growth, survival, and migration. These results contribute to our understanding of how some FAs modulate metabolism and may have protective health function.
The population's growing concern for health and the increased consumption of natural products have led to the study of the use of bioactive compounds in animal feed, especially those containing ...antioxidants. An example of this is yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis), a plant highly consumed in South America due to its antioxidant properties, which benefit human health and can reduce the incidence of cardiovascular diseases. However, the effects of yerba mate on animal feed as well as the composition and preservation of meat products are unknown. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of the inclusion level of yerba mate extract in the lamb's diet on meat quality traits, antioxidant activity, and shelf-life. Our results showed that the use of the extract in lamb feed did not negatively affect the characteristics of lamb meat nor increase lipoperoxidation during a six-day storage period. The inclusion of 4% yerba mate extract (YME) resulted in a higher value in the yellow colour of the meat.
Oleic acid (OA) and cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (c9t11-CLA) are fatty acids found in beef with beneficial effects in human health. This study investigated differentially abundant ...proteins (DAPs) in skeletal muscle of bovines with extreme values of OA, and c9t11-CLA. For each one of the fatty acids, twenty muscle samples were divided into two groups (N = 10_High; N = 10_Low) and analyzed by high definition mass spectrometry. We identified 103 and 133 DAPs between the groups for each fatty acid. We found 64 and 45 up-regulated and 39 and 68 down-regulated proteins for OA and c9t11-CLA, respectively. Comparative analysis between proteomic and transcriptomic data revealed eight and ten genes with a consistent between mRNA expression levels and protein abundance for OA and c9t11-CLA, respectively. Unconventional myosin-Id (MYO1D), mineralocorticoid receptor (NR3C2), geranylgeranyl transferase type-2 subunit-alpha (RABGGTA), and uveal autoantigen with coiled-coil domains and ankyrin repeats (UACA) were found as putative candidate proteins for OA content. Fatty acid synthase (FASN), tubulin alpha-4A chain (TUBA4A), vinculin (VCL), NADH dehydrogenase 1 alpha subcomplex 5 (NDUFA5), and prefoldin subunit 6 (PFDN6) for c9t11-CLA. Our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind the regulation of the OA and c9t11-CLA content in cattle skeletal muscle.
Questions about the association between meat intake and disease incidence in humans has driven animal scientist to pursue a better understanding of the biological processes associated with differences in the intramuscular fat composition. The beneficial effects of oleic acid and conjugated linoleic acid in human health have been demonstrated by improving the immune system and preventing atherosclerosis, different types of cancers, hypertension, and diabetes. Previous genome-wide association and gene expression studies identified genomic regions and differentially expressed genes associated with the fatty acid profile in skeletal muscle. In this work, differences were evaluated at the protein level. The use of a label-free quantitative proteomic approach, compared with muscle transcriptome results obtained by RNA-sequencing, allowed us to earn new insights into the variability in fatty acid deposition in skeletal muscle of farm animals. This study opens new avenues to explore the effect of the fatty acids in the skeletal muscle of livestock animals, which is associated with nutritional values of the meat, and perhaps to understand the mechanisms correlated with metabolic diseases in other species.
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•LD muscle proteome differs between extreme values for OA, and c9t11-CLA content.•Data integration showed limited correspondence between mRNA and protein levels.•Putative candidate proteins for OA and c9t11-CLA content were identified in muscle.•The pathways identified can to be explored within animal production.
The proteomic data presented in this article are associated with the research article entitled “Longissimus dorsi muscle label-free quantitative proteomic reveals biological mechanisms associated ...with intramuscular fat deposition” published in Journal of Proteomics 1. In this article, we characterized the proteomic profile of bovine Longissimus dorsi muscle from Nelore steers and identified differentially abundant proteins associated with the intramuscular fat (IMF) content. An integrated transcriptome-assisted label-free quantitative proteomic approach by High Definition Mass Spectrometry (HDMSE) was employed to identify and quantify the proteins. A functional enrichment analysis using the differentially abundant proteins list was performed to understand the biological processes involved in IMF deposition. Moreover, to explore and clarify the biological mechanisms that influence IMF content, the mRNA data for the same trait from Cesar and collaborators 2 obtained by RNA-sequencing technology was compared with proteomic data. The mRNA data is deposited in the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) repository (EMBL-EBI), under accession PRJEB13188.
This study aimed to evaluate the skeletal muscle proteome of calves that received an intramuscular application of vitamin A at birth and its impacts on meat quality. Forty male crossbred calves were ...used from birth to feedlot finishing. On the day of birth, 20 calves were injected intramuscularly with a single dose of 300,000 IU of vitamin A and the other 20 animals received placebo (control). After weaning at 210 days, the animals of the two treatments were feedlot finished for 180 days. Longissimus muscle samples were collected for proteome analysis and meat quality assessment. There was a trend (P = 0.07) towards more tender meat in animals that received vitamin A compared to control (WBSF = 3.92 ± 0.16 kg vs. 4.23 ± 0.15). Meat color, pH and cooking loss were not affected (P > 0.05). Vitamin A treatment resulted in a more than 50% increase in intramuscular fat (IMF) content (P < 0.05) compared to control (4.10 ± 0.35% vs. 2.57 ± 0.27%). The intramuscular injection of vitamin A affected the post-mortem muscle proteome and the protein-protein interactions. A greater abundance of proteins involved in three main pathways were observed these being energy metabolism (GAPDH, ENO3, TPI1, CKM, and COX5A), muscle contraction (ACTB, ACTC1, ACTG1, ACTG2, ACTA1, ACTA2, ACTN1, ACTN2, ACTN3, TPM1, TPM2, TPM3, MYH1, PDLIM3, and TNNT3), protein binding, transport, and signaling (TUBA4A, VIM, TBA1B, and EEF1A2). A greater abundance of oxidative stress and cellular defense proteins (HSPA8 and DNAJC18) was specifically observed in the control treatment. Vitamin A upregulated key biological processes related to energy metabolism, which favored IMF accumulation during the finishing phase.
•The tenderness was affected by the genetic group.•There is a difference in gene expression of MSTN between genetic groups.•No difference was observed in mRNA for CAPN1, CAPN2 and CAST.•Nelore cattle ...had a higher abundance of intact troponin-T when compared to RGN.•HSP 27 presented faster and greater protein degradation in RGN than N.
The objective was to evaluate meat quality of Rubia Gallega x Nelore (RGN) crossbred compared to Nelore (N) cattle, using mRNA analysis of calpain 1 and 2, calpastatin, myostatin, and TGFβ; and protein abundance profile post mortem based on aged beef of the different genetic groups. Sixteen N and 16 RGN were finished in feedlot by 120 days and harvested. RGN beef presented greater tenderness. Transcripts analysis showed increased levels of TGFβ and MSTN in RGN, indicating differences in muscle fiber formation. However, no difference was observed in mRNA for CAPN1, CAPN2 and CAST. Protein analysis demonstrated increased troponin-T degradation in RGN. Interaction for HSP 27 degradation was observed, indicating the degradation of this protein is faster and greater in RGN than N. No difference in myostatin protein abundance was found. In general, RGN cattle improves beef quality and these differences may be explained by TGFβ and MSTN gene expression, troponin-T degradation and HSP abundance.
The objective of this research was to study the effects of modified atmosphere, associated with masterpack transport packaging, and refrigerated storage time on the quality characteristics of pork ...loin cuts. Cuts of pork loin were packaged in trays, covered with poly(vinyl chloride) film. The trays were placed in a masterpack (MP), containing three gas compositions: A) 75% O2 : 25% CO2, B) 50% O2 : 50% CO2 or C) 100% CO2, and stored at 2 °C. Samples were taken after 1, 8, 15, and 22 days of storage, and evaluated for numerous shelf life traits. The development of Psychrotrophic aerobic bacteria and Pseudomonas spp. was found from the 15th day of storage. There was a significant treatment effect for some of the considered parameters, such as pH (P < 0.05) and color L* (P < 0.07), a* (P < 0.07) and b* (P < 0.01). There was a significant interaction (P < 0.01) for the TBARS values. It can be concluded, from the microbiological point of view, that the use of modified atmospheres containing 25% to 100% CO2 promotes the conservation of meat for up to 15 days of storage under refrigeration. From the point of view of color, atmospheres containing 75% O2 : 25% CO2 and 50% O2 : 50% CO2 ensure the color of packaged pork meat when stored at 2 °C for up to 15 days. From the point of view of lipid oxidation, packages with 100% CO2 are recommended for storage periods of more than 15 days, whereas those with 75% O2 : 25% CO2 are recommended for storage periods of up to 8 days.
The objective of this research was to study the effects of modified atmosphere, associated with masterpack transport packaging, and refrigerated storage time on the quality characteristics of pork ...loin cuts. Cuts of pork loin were packaged in trays, covered with poly(vinyl chloride) film. The trays were placed in a masterpack (MP), containing three gas compositions: A) 75% O2 : 25% CO2, B) 50% O2 : 50% CO2 or C) 100% CO2, and stored at 2 °C. Samples were taken after 1, 8, 15, and 22 days of storage, and evaluated for numerous shelf life traits. The development of Psychrotrophic aerobic bacteria and Pseudomonas spp. was found from the 15th day of storage. There was a significant treatment effect for some of the considered parameters, such as pH (P < 0.05) and color L* (P < 0.07), a* (P < 0.07) and b* (P < 0.01). There was a significant interaction (P < 0.01) for the TBARS values. It can be concluded, from the microbiological point of view, that the use of modified atmospheres containing 25% to 100% CO2 promotes the conservation of meat for up to 15 days of storage under refrigeration. From the point of view of color, atmospheres containing 75% O2 : 25% CO2 and 50% O2 : 50% CO2 ensure the color of packaged pork meat when stored at 2 °C for up to 15 days. From the point of view of lipid oxidation, packages with 100% CO2 are recommended for storage periods of more than 15 days, whereas those with 75% O2 : 25% CO2 are recommended for storage periods of up to 8 days.
Our objective was to evaluate the diagnosis of swine cysticercosis by examining "ante mortem" (inspection of the tongue), "post mortem" (inspection and detailed necropsy) and ELISA for research in ...serum of antibodies (Ab-ELISA) and antigens (Ag-ELISA). Seven (7) pigs were experimentally infected orally with eggs of Taenia solium and another 10 were naturally infected. In the pigs experimentally infected, inspection of the tongue was negative in all animals, in the routine inspection detailed necropsy and cysticercis were identified in all of them. In pigs with heavy natural infection, inspection of the tongue identified cysticerci in two (20%), while at inspection with necropsy the parasites were identified in large quantities in all animals. In ELISA for antibody search (Ab-ELISA) TS-14 recombinant protein was used, and in search for antigen (Ag-ELISA) a monoclonal antibody against this protein. In animals experimentally infected, blood was collected weekly for 140 days. The Ab-ELISA identified an increase in titers of antibody to cysticerci 21 days after infection, and at the end of the experimental period six animals (86%) were positive to the test. The search for circulating antigens (Ag-ELISA) was positive in two pigs 28 to 91 days after infection. All naturally infected pigs were positive for Ag-ELISA and Ab-ELISA. The search for antibodies and antigens by ELISA in serum from 30 pigs of a local farm and without history of cysticercosis was negative. Thus, the use of TS-14 antigen in ELISA test (Ab-ELISA) can be useful for the diagnosis of cysticercosis in pigs with low infection.
Abstract
The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of contrasting growth rate in pre and post-weaning period on carcass traits and meat quality of feedlot Nellore cattle. To high weight gain, ...in pre and post-weaning period, were be considered management groups with mean weight gain above the third quartile of pre-weaning (PREW) or post-weaning (PROW) weight gain distribution of population to group of moderate gain were be considered management lots with daily average gains between the first and third quartiles of PREW or PROW weight gain distribution of population. In the low gain group will be considered management lots with daily average gains lower than the first quartile of PREW or PROW weight gain distribution of population. We used a total of 500 bulls, registered in the National Association of Breeders and Researchers, fed during 90 days with the same diet, confined and slaughtered. The PREW presented a weight gain rate (WGR) of 57.1, 67.3, and 77.7 kg for low, moderate and high WGR, respectively; and the PROW of 110.3, 113.4, and 119.4 kg for low, moderate and high WGR, respectively. The hot carcass weight influenced WGR in pre-weaning (297.56±11.80, 323.53±10.09, and 364.31±18.88 kg) for low, moderate and high, respectively (P = 0.03). The carcass dressing was affected by weaning period in WGR (pre-weaning: 54.18, 54.33, and 57.88 %; P = 0.034, and post-weaning 55.52, 56.23, and 54.66%; P = 0.471) for low, moderate and high WGR, respectively. The contrasting weight gain groups did not influence the marbling score in PREW (P = 0.128) and PROW (P = 0.772), back fat thickness in PREW (P = 0.719) and PROW (P = 0.833), ribeye area in PREW (P = 0.472) and PROW (P = 0.833), tenderness in PREW (P = 0.936) and PROW (P = 0.911). In general, the gain rate did not improve the carcass traits and meat quality of feedlot Nellore cattle.
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