Ukrainian cities are joining the global movement for digitalization. They have gradually started to use benefits of ICT, claiming their smartness and promoting newly implemented technological ...solutions. However, till the date we do not have a commonly accepted definition or framework for measuring their success. Based on the reviewed international and national frameworks, there proposed a methodological approach to evaluating the progress of Ukrainian cities in implementing the Smart Sustainable City Framework. The research takes into account both the theoretical base (components and definitions of Smart Sustainable City defined by different scholars) and practical side (the available evaluation methodologies). The developed Framework comprises two stages: a) creation of conditions for concept building; b) actual measurement of sustainability and smartness of cities, each of which including several dimensions. The model uses 54 indicators, the data being taken from both official statistical sources and survey data. The methodology has been used to measure the index of six selected Ukrainian cities that are considered quite progressive in terms of ICT usage and smart solution implementation. The results reveal that cities with officially adopted relevant strategies typically demonstrate better results than those that implement innovations on an ad-hoc basis.
Формування напрям:в виходу Укроти з «пастки eiðcmanocmi» у повоенному nepiodi потребуе логично: та обТрунтовано! концепцн, побудовано! на принципах сучасно: науки. У сучасних досл!дженнях богато ...уваги придияеться розвитку методолог/чного забезпечення розробки концепцш та концептуальних положень як тдгрунтя для розвитку крати. Проте нараз! в!дсутня едина науково обгрунтована концепция виходу Укроти з «пастки eidcmanocmi» теля вшни. Метою cmammi e обгрунтування проекту концепцн виходу Укроти з «пастки eidcmanocmi» у повоенному nepiodi. Узагальнено основн! постулати класичних i неокласичних meopiü та концепцш, що досл!джують проблема в/дставання крат за напрямами та динамикою соц!ально-економ1чного розвитку, а також окрем! авторськ! модель як! описують pieni модиф/каци «пасток eidcmanocmi». Визначено основ! постулати сучасних европейських досл!джень проблематики в!дновлення соц!ально-економ!чного розвитку июля криз. На uiū основ! запропоновано теоретичну платформу проекту концепцн виходу Укроти з «пастки в!дсталост!». Показано ефективн!сть використання когн!тивних моделей для вир!шення потреб meopiï та практики повоенного виходу Укроти з «пастки в!дсталост!». ОбГрунтовано проект концепцн виходу Укроти з «пастки в!дсталост!» у повоенному nepiodi, який м!стить низку г!потез! положень, що у сукупност! eupiiuyiomb важливе науково-практичне заедания з/ створення механизму та умов подолання! деструкцн пастки в!дсталост! в Украт!, а також виключення причин! можливостей i/ в!дтворення у повоенному та довгостроковому nepiodax. Структуровано теоретичн! та практичн! проблема, як! можуть бути вир!шен! на основ! впровадження наведеного у статт! проекту концепцн виходу Укроти з «пастки в!дсталост!».
When forming the risk portion of an investment portfolio, one may include into it both stocks of individual companies representing different sectors of the economy in different regions, and ...derivative financial instruments, such as futures on stock indices. The latter are an excellent instrument for investing in a country's stock, eliminating the necessity for the investor to solve the non-trivial problem of determining the optimal set of attractive assets, because, as a rule, the stock index includes the most successful companies in most industries. If one only decides to include stock indices in the portfolio on the basis of their current price, it can be assumed that in the moment one should invest in assets that have not gone up at all or enough, yet. However, this estimate is not objective, as indices have different volatility, and therefore, it is incorrect to compare the absolute size of the drawdown in crisis time, and those of the growth rate in the post-crisis period, if one wants to determine overvalued and undervalued assets. Obviously, when making the final decision on whether to include stock indices in the portfolio, it is also necessary to rely on the results of a fundamental analysis of these assets. So, the articles aims at determining the structure of the risk portion of the investment portfolio by identifying instruments that are underestimated in terms of their fundamental characteristics. To achieve the aim of the study, the following main tasks were solved: the initial set of exogenous factors influencing the dynamics of stock indices was determined; the parameters of the models of stock indices dependence on the factors influencing them are assessed, the corresponding projected values are calculated; a set of instruments is determined for including stock indices in the investment portfolio by comparing their real and model values. The models created make it possible to determine the optimal structure of an investment portfolio, which would include stock indices futures for such countries as Taiwan, Mexico, Brazil, Great Britain, Germany and the USA.
При формуваннi ризиково:' частини нвестицнного портфеля до nei можуть бути включенi як акцП окремих компанй, що представляють pİ3Hİ сектори економши в рвних рег'юнах, так i похдш ф'шансов'! ...шструменти, наприклад, ф'ючерси на фондовi шдекси. Останнi е чудовим шструментом вкладення капталу в акцП певноi краши, позбавляючи швестора нeобхiдностi виршення нетрив'шльно'iзадачi визначення оптимального набору привабливих активю, тому що, як правило, фондовий 'ндекс включае в себе найб'шьш успшш компани з б'шьшостiгалузей. Якщо приймати ршення про включення фондових 'тдекс'ю у портфель лише на п'дставi даних щодо ¡'х поточноi цни, можна припустити, що в момeнтi потр'бно 'твестувати в активи, як не виросли або виросли недостатньо. Однак така оцшка не е об'ективною, тому що шдекси мають рвну волатильнсть, а отже, абсолютш розмри просадок у моменти кризи i показникв приросту в посткризовий пер'юд некоректно порюнювати мж собою, щоб визначити переоцнеш i нeдооцiнeнi активи. Очевидно, що, приймаючи остаточне ршення про включення фондових шдекс'ю в портфель, необхдно спиратися додатково на результати фундаментального анал'ву цих актив'ю. Мета дотдження - визначити структуру ризиковоi частини нвестицшного портфеля шляхом визначення нструментю, як е недооцненими щодо сво'ж фундаментальниххарактеристик. Для реалваци сформульовано'1'мети в рамках дотдження виршеш такi основш задачи визначено вихдну множину екзогенних фактор'ю, що впливають на динам'шу фондових ндекав; оцнено параметри моделей залежност': фондових шдексю в'д факторю, що на них впливають, розраховано в'дпов'!дш в'!дш прогнозш значення; визначено наб'р нструментю для включення в нвестицнний портфель на п'дставi порвняння реального i модельного значень фондових шдексю. Побудоваш модел': дозволили визначити оптимальну структуру нвестицнного портфеля, який включае ф'ючерси на фондов': шдекси таких кран, як Тайвань, Мексика, Бразил'т, Велика Британ'т, Нмеччина та США.
The reform of power decentralization, which has been actively implemented in Ukraine for the last five years, has generally increased the capacity of local authorities to stimulate the development of ...small businesses in accordance with the requirements of territorial infrastructure. Territorial differences between regions in Ukraine are quite significant. The composition of development tools for small business representatives depends on such a qualitative characteristic as the industry structure, and a number of quantitative characteristics. The problem of creating tools to stimulate the development of small business is considered in the works of many Ukrainian scientists, both economists and public administration specialists, as it deals with economic justification of the feasibility of certain measures, as well as their legislative support. Due to the necessity to improve the methodological support for the formation of tools stimulating small business development in Ukraine, the theoretical justification of the methodological approach to choosing such tools is urgent. The small business sector in Ukraine suffers from constant changes in both legal regulation and economic support, and so, additional requirements to the procedure of conducting research are appearing. First of all, it is proved that a study should be conducted based on the dynamics of the state of business activities. In addition, significant differences are observed in the conditions of business development by administrative territories and by types of economic activity. As a result, it becomes necessary to streamline both the development goals and incentive tools. It is possible to solve this problem by establishing a hierarchy. As a result of the conducted work, a methodical approach to creating development incentive tools for small business within a certain administrative territory is formed on the basis of the hierarchy analysis method.
The aim of the article is to identify trends in the development of rural areas and the agro-industrial complex in EU countries and Ukraine. In view of this, the study analyzes: rate of rural ...population growth (loss) in EU countries and Ukraine; increase in the level of urbanization in EU countries and Ukraine; changes in the structure of the population of EU countries by the level of urbanization; changes in the ratio of urban and rural population in EU countries over time; employment rate in the EU;share of people employed in agriculture; share of agriculture, forestry and fish farming in the GDP of EU countries and Ukraine; distribution of EU countries by gross added value of agriculture; distribution of agricultural enterprises of EU countries by types of agricultural production; land use for growing crops in EU countries; structure of production by areas of agriculture in EU countries; cost structure of crop and livestock production in EU countries; structure of agricultural enterprises (farms) in EU countries by the amount of land used.Based on the results of the analysis, it is found that, in general, rural areas and the agricultural sector of more developed EU countries are characterized by problems of population aging, environmental problems of land and water resources, and uneven development across their regions. For the countries that joined the EU in 2004-2007, the problems of rural areas are associated with the underdeveloped infrastructure(including the service sector), population aging, large number of very small farms that need assistance, and outflow of labor force from rural areas, etc.It is determined that the problemscommon for EU countries and Ukraine are depopulation and population aging; depopulation in remote areas; unsatisfactory condition of the basic infrastructure; low competitiveness of very small agricultural producers; small number of young farmers; as a rule, low qualificationsof the labor force and poor provision with equipment of very small and small farms; significant environmental impact.
Aim. Study of the reproductive organs after long-term administration of letrozole, the steroid aromatase inhibitor, followed by its withdrawal in young male rats and ones with age-related involution ...of reproductive organs. Material and methods. The experiments were carried out on Wistar rats with an initial age of 5 months and 15 months, which were gavaged with letrozole every other day at a dose of 1 mg/kg bw for 3 months and then 2 months following its discontinuation. The blood plasma testosterone and estradiol levels were measured by immunoassays. The spermatozoa contents in epididymis were calculated. The testicles and accessory sexual glands were weighed, and morphology of gonads and ventral prostate was studied. The results of the study were compared with those of control animals of corresponding age. Results. As the result of letrozole treatment, the ratio of testosterone and estradiol levels in blood plasma of aged rats increased. The spermatozoa content in epididymis rose up by on the average 28 %. The histological study revealed functional activation of Leydig cells, a significant retardation of involutive changes of their number and morphology. Some Leydig cells demonstrated the signs of functional exhaustion. Letrozole exerted an increase of relative weight of the coagulation gland by an average of 40 %, seminal vesicles by 31 %, and ventral prostate by 33 % compared with those of control animals. Two months after letrozole withdrawal, there were no signs of difference between letrozole-treated and control animals. In young rats, the effects of letrozole were almost not detectable. Conclusions. Letrozole administration to male rats with age-related involution of the reproductive system increases testosterone/estradiol ratio in blood plasma, the spermatozoa contents in epididymises and the weights of androgen-dependent accessory sexual glands. This is accompanied by slowing down of age-related changes of the gonad morphology and prostate gland. Letrozole-induced reproductive effects are reversible.
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