To evaluate the impact of a nutritional intervention on nutritional status, ultra-processed food consumption, and quality of life of adolescents with excess weight.
Experimental study with adolescent ...students with excess weight, divided into two groups, an intervention group and a control group. The nutritional intervention lasted six months, with an educational and motivational approach. Nutritional status (waist circumference and body mass index), quality of life, and ultra-processed food consumption were evaluated before and after the period.
Sixty-two adolescents with overweight or obesity participated in the study, 37 in the intervention group and 25 in the control group, aged 13.2±1.5 years in intervention group, and 13.0±1.8 years in control group, both of which had a higher female participation. There were changes in the body mass index (intervention group Δ: −0.81±2.28, control group Δ: −0.64±1.28) and in the waist circumference for intervention group (Δ:−3.31±5.47). For the pre- and post-ultra-processed food consumption, there was a significant reduction in the consumption of soft drinks in the intervention group (Δ: −0.07 −0.27 to 0.00), instant noodles (Δ: −0.03 −0.07 to 0.00), and sandwich cookies (Δ: −0.06 −0.26 to 0.00). The quality of life increased in the intervention group and decreased in the control group, with no intra- (p=0.162) or intergroup statistical relevance in the pre- (p=0.426) and post- (0.249) intervention period, with a reduction in the emotional domain score, with a significant variation in the intervention group (pre and post; Δ: −19.0±40.6).
There was a decrease in body mass index and waist circumference (central obesity being more often related to insulin resistance), reduction of ultra-processed food consumption (soft drinks, sandwich cookies, and instant noodles), and a tendency toward quality of life improvement (however, there was a decrease in the domains of emotional and school quality of life).
Avaliar o impacto de uma intervenção nutricional no estado nutricional, no consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados e na qualidade de vida de adolescentes com excesso de peso.
Estudo experimental, realizado com escolares com excesso de peso, que foram divididos em dois grupos, intervenção e controle. A intervenção nutricional durou seis meses, com abordagem educativa e motivacional. Foram avaliados, antes e após o período, estado nutricional (circunferência da cintura e índice de massa corporal), qualidade de vida e consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados.
Participaram 62 adolescentes com sobrepeso ou obesidade, 37 do grupo intervenção e 25 do grupo controle, 13,2±1,5 anos no grupo intervenção e 13,0±1,8 anos no grupo controle, ambos com maior participação do sexo feminino. No índice de massa corporal houve mudanças grupo intervenção (variação de -0,81±2,28); grupo controle (variação de -0,64±1,28) e circunferência da cintura para os grupos intervenção (variação de – 3,31±5,47). No consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados pré e pós, houve redução significativa no grupo intervenção do consumo de refrigerante variação de -0,07 (-0,27 a 0,00), macarrão instantâneo variação de -0,03 (-0,07 a 0,00) e bolacha recheada variação de -0,06 (-0,26 a 0,00). A qualidade de vida aumentou no grupo intervenção e reduziu no grupo controle, sem relevância estatística intra (p=0,162) ou entre grupos pré (p=0,426) e pós (0,249), reduziu a pontuação do domínio emocional, com variação significativa no grupo intervenção (pré e pós) (Δ-19,0±40,6).
Obteve-se uma diminuição do índice de massa corporal e circunferência da cintura (obesidade central mais relacionada com resistência insulínica), diminuição de alimentos ultraprocessados (refrigerante, biscoito recheado e macarrão instantâneo), tendência de melhoria da qualidade de vida (contudo, diminuição dos domínios da qualidade de vida emocional e escolar).
A major cause of yield loss in wheat worldwide is the fungal pathogen
, a hemibiotrophic fungus which causes Septoria leaf blotch, the most destructive wheat disease in Europe. Resistance in ...commercial wheat varieties is poor, however, a link between reduced nitrogen availability and increased Septoria tolerance has been observed. We have shown that Septoria load is not affected by nitrogen, whilst the fungus is in its first, symptomless stage of growth. This suggests that a link between nitrogen and Septoria is only present during the necrotrophic phase of Septoria infection. Quantitative real-time PCR data demonstrated that WRKYs, a superfamily of plant-specific transcription factors, are differentially expressed in response to both reduced nitrogen and Septoria.
was downregulated over 30-fold in response to necrotrophic stage Septoria, whilst changes in the expression of
during the late biotrophic phase were dependent on the concentration of nitrogen under which wheat is grown. WRKY68a may therefore mediate a link between nitrogen and Septoria. The potential remains to identify key regulators in the link between nitrogen and Septoria, and as such, elucidate molecular markers for wheat breeding, or targets for molecular-based breeding approaches.
Abstract Objectives: To investigate the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the development of cervical neoplasia in women with no previous cervical cytological abnormalities; whether the presence ...of virus DNA predicts development of squamous intraepithelial lesion; and whether the risk of incident squamous intraepithelial lesions differs with repeated detection of the same HPV type versus repeated detection of different types. Design: Population based prospective cohort study. Setting: General population in Copenhagen, Denmark. Participants: 10 758 women aged 20-29 years followed up for development of cervical cytological abnormalities; 370 incident cases were detected (40 with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, 165 with low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, 165 with high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions). Main outcome measures: Results of cervical smear tests and cervical swabs at enrolment and at the second examination about two years later. Results: Compared with women who were negative for human papillomavirus at enrolment, those with positive results had a significantly increased risk at follow up of having atypical cells (odds ratio 3.2, 95% confidence interval 1.3 to 7.9), low grade lesions (7.5, 4.8 to 11.7), or high grade lesions (25.8,15.3 to 43.6). Similarly, women who were positive for HPV at the second examination had a strongly increased risk of low (34.3,17.6 to 67.0) and high grade lesions (60.7, 25.5 to 144.0). For high grade lesions the risk was strongly increased if the same virus type was present at both examinations (813.0, 168.2 to 3229.2). Conclusions: Infection with human papillomavirus precedes the development of low and high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. For high grade lesions the risk is greatest in women positive for the same type of HPV on repeated testing.
Guidelines for genetic testing for BRCA1 or BRCA2 stipulate that a personal or family history of cancer is necessary to be eligible for testing. Approximately 2% of Ashkenazi Jewish women carry a ...mutation, but to date population-based testing has not been advocated. Little is known about the relative yield of a conventional genetic testing programme versus a programme of widespread testing in a population with common founder mutations.
We provided both referral-based and Jewish population-based testing between 2008 and 2012. We compared the numbers of BRCA mutation carriers identified through the two streams and estimated the number of genetic counselling hours devoted to each programme.
From 2008 to 2012, 38 female carriers were identified through 487 referrals to our genetics centre (29 unaffected with cancer). During the same time, 6179 Jewish women were tested through our population-based programme and 93 mutation carriers were identified (92 unaffected with cancer). Fewer counsellor hours were devoted to the population-based than to the clinical referral-based testing programme.
Genetic testing of all Jewish women above the age of 25 years will greatly expand the number of BRCA mutation carriers identified without a commensurate increase in the number of hours required for counselling.
Genetic testing for mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 is available in Canada for women with a significant family history of breast cancer. For the majority of tested women, a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation is ...not found, and counselling regarding breast cancer risk is based on the review of the pedigree. In this prospective study, we estimate breast cancer risks in women with a family history of breast cancer and for whom the proband tested negative for a mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2. Families with two or more breast cancers under the age of 50 years, or with three cases of breast cancer at any age, and who tested negative for a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation were identified. Follow-up information on cancer status was collected on all first-degree relatives of breast cancer cases. The standardised incidence ratios (SIRs) for breast cancer were calculated by dividing the observed numbers of breast cancer by the expected numbers of breast cancers, based on the rates in the provincial cancer registries. A total of 1492 women from 365 families were included in the analyses. The 1492 first-degree relatives of breast cancer cases contributed 9109 person-years of follow-up. Sixty-five women developed breast cancer, compared to 15.2 expected number (SIR=4.3). The SIR was highest for women under the age of 40 (SIR=14.9) years and decreased with increasing age. However, the absolute risk was higher for women between the age of 50 and 70 (1% per year) years than for women between 30 and 50 (0.4% per year) years of age. There was no elevated risk for ovarian, colon or any other form of cancer. Women with a significant family history of breast cancer (ie, two or more breast cancers under the age of 50 years, or three or more breast cancers at any age), but who test negative for BRCA mutations have approximately a four-fold risk of breast cancer. Women in these families may be candidates for tamoxifen chemoprevention and/or intensified breast screening with an MRI.
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone which plays an important role in seed development and dormancy and in plant response to environmental stresses. An ABA‐deficient mutant of Nicotiana ...plumbaginifolia, aba2, was isolated by transposon tagging using the maize Activator transposon. The aba2 mutant exhibits precocious seed germination and a severe wilty phenotype. The mutant is impaired in the first step of the ABA biosynthesis pathway, the zeaxanthin epoxidation reaction. ABA2 cDNA is able to complement N.plumbaginifolia aba2 and Arabidopsis thaliana aba mutations indicating that these mutants are homologous. ABA2 cDNA encodes a chloroplast‐imported protein of 72.5 kDa, sharing similarities with different mono‐oxigenases and oxidases of bacterial origin and having an ADP‐binding fold and an FAD‐binding domain. ABA2 protein, produced in Escherichia coli, exhibits in vitro zeaxanthin epoxidase activity. This is the first report of the isolation of a gene of the ABA biosynthetic pathway. The molecular identification of ABA2 opens the possibility to study the regulation of ABA biosynthesis and its cellular location.
In many regions and countries, national and international targets have been set for municipal solid waste (MSW) recycling, recovery and diversion from landfill. To develop and implement effective ...strategies to meet these targets requires reliable information on the composition of all parts of the MSW stream. Previous studies on the composition of MSW in the United Kingdom have covered only some components of the waste stream or very localised geographical areas. This research was designed to obtain and analyse representative samples of all the components of the MSW stream across Wales. Samples were taken of household-colleted waste, civic amenity site waste, commercial waste and litter in nine local authority areas across the country and the waste samples were sorted into categories by material type. A questionnaire survey was also undertaken among the households sampled. The results from the research estimate that 36% of MSW in Wales consists of recyclable material and a further 28% is compostable. Sixty-two percent of this MSW is classed as biodegradable and packaging material accounts for 17% of the total. Electrical and electronic goods account for 2% and 0.8% of the MSW consists of potentially hazardous material.
Men with BRCA2 mutations have been found to be at increased risk of developing prostate cancer. There is a recent report that BRCA2 carriers with prostate cancer have poorer survival than noncarrier ...prostate cancer patients. In this study, we compared survival of men with a BRCA2 mutation and prostate cancer with that of men with a BRCA1 mutation and prostate cancer. We obtained the age at diagnosis, age at death or current age from 182 men with prostate cancer from families with a BRCA2 mutation and from 119 men with prostate cancer from families with a BRCA1 mutation. The median survival from diagnosis was 4.0 years for men with a BRCA2 mutation vs 8.0 years for men with a BRCA1 mutation, and the difference was highly significant (P<0.01). It may be important to develop targeted chemotherapies to treat prostate cancer in men with a BRCA2 mutation.
Metcalfe KA, Poll A, Llacuachaqui M, Nanda S, Tulman A, Mian N, Sun P, Narod SA. Patient satisfaction and cancer‐related distress among unselected Jewish women undergoing genetic testing for BRCA1 ...and BRCA2.
It is not known to what extent participation in a genetic testing program for BRCA1 and BRCA2, which does not include an extensive pre‐test counselling session, influences cancer‐related distress, cancer risk perception and patient satisfaction. Unselected Jewish women in Ontario were offered genetic testing for three common Jewish BRCA mutations. Before testing and 1‐year post‐testing, the women completed questionnaires which assessed cancer‐related distress, cancer risk perception, and satisfaction. A total of 2080 women enrolled in the study; of these, 1516 (73%) completed a 1‐year follow‐up questionnaire. In women with a BRCA mutation, the mean breast cancer risk perception increased from 41.1% to 59.6% after receiving a positive genetic test result (p = 0.002). Among non‐carriers, breast cancer risk perception decreased slightly, from 35.8% to 33.5% (p = 0.08). The mean level of cancer‐related distress increased significantly for women with a BRCA mutation, but did not change in women without a mutation; 92.8% expressed satisfaction with the testing process. The results of this study suggest that the majority of Jewish women who took part in population genetic screening for BRCA1 and BRCA2 were satisfied with the delivery of genetic testing and would recommend testing to other Jewish women. However, women with a BRCA mutation experienced increased levels of cancer‐related distress.
PDF
