Site E19 (19:N1W5), near Tlailotlacan, the “Zapotec Barrio” of Teotihuacan, contains evidence of both Tlailotlacan and Michoacan affiliation. To verify and better understand the Michoacan ...relationship, 22 enamel and 19 bone samples from five E19-affiliated burials were analyzed to determine their oxygen isotope compositions, which provide an indication of an individual's area of residence when that particular tissue was forming. Because prismatic blades and Thin Orange ceramics from Teotihuacan occur widely in the Lakes Region of north central Michoacan we obtained samples from several sites there for comparative purposes. The results show that most of the E19 people had passed their later years in the Patzcuaro Basin of the Lakes Region. Although in E19 the archaeological evidence of this relationship declined over time, the isotopic evidence indicates that Patzcuaro ties continued to the end of E19's occupation. It seems that the people of E19, originally Michoacanos, gradually adopted a core identity as Teotihuacanos while continuing to deploy their Michoacan ancestry during their stays in Michoacan.
This paper presents 2,000 years of settlement and land use within the Lake Pátzcuaro Basin, Mexico. Three findings challenge the conclusions of previous research. We show (i) that initial land ...degradation was caused by settlement, not by agriculture; (ii) that population density inversely correlates with erosion; and (iii) that land degradation was associated with European Conquest but not from the introduction of the Euro-agro suite. Instead, demographic collapse caused by European-introduced disease prevented human-generated landscapes from being maintained, resulting in widespread degradation. These findings support the use of indigenous landscape technology for modern conservation if past failings can be resolved.
One expectation of emergent complexity is that as ceramic craft specialization increases it is reflected by increasingly homogeneous products due to the modified organization of craft production by ...specialists. This question has most often been addressed by analysis of sub-sets of larger ceramic assemblages consisting of intact vessels from idiosyncratic contexts. However, excavations often do not yield appropriate whole vessel sub-sets. In order to evaluate the changing context of the organization of ceramic production, we engage a robust methodological approach to the analysis of ceramic sherd assemblages, rather than intact vessels, rooted in cluster analysis but which we rigorously evaluate by other means. We successfully employ this method to assess changes in the organization of ceramic production through a 1000
year sequence leading to the emergence of the Tarascan state, and conclude in this case that no significant reorganization of ceramic production occurred with Tarascan state formation.
Interindividual variation in mean leukocyte telomere length (LTL) is associated with cancer and several age-associated diseases. We report here a genome-wide meta-analysis of 37,684 individuals with ...replication of selected variants in an additional 10,739 individuals. We identified seven loci, including five new loci, associated with mean LTL (P < 5 × 10(-8)). Five of the loci contain candidate genes (TERC, TERT, NAF1, OBFC1 and RTEL1) that are known to be involved in telomere biology. Lead SNPs at two loci (TERC and TERT) associate with several cancers and other diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Moreover, a genetic risk score analysis combining lead variants at all 7 loci in 22,233 coronary artery disease cases and 64,762 controls showed an association of the alleles associated with shorter LTL with increased risk of coronary artery disease (21% (95% confidence interval, 5-35%) per standard deviation in LTL, P = 0.014). Our findings support a causal role of telomere-length variation in some age-related diseases.
By A.D. 1350, central-western Mexico was incorporated into the Tarascan state. This irechequa tzintzuntzani (kingdom of Tzintzuntzan) has been known primarily from sixteenth-century documents. With ...three decades of archaeological, ecological, and ethnohistoric research, it is now possible to propose a model of the emergence of the first archaic state in Michoacan. Critical issues to be addressed include (1) why state formation occurred (and why this form); (2) why even secondary state formation was "delayed" for more than a millennium; (3) why it occurred in the Lake Patzcuaro Basin; and (4) the role of Purepecha ethnicity in the process. En 1982 presenté un modelo del surgimiento del Estado tarasco basado principalmente en la historia legendaria de la dinastía real tarasca, la Relación de Michoacán (1956 1541), y una reconstrucción medioambiental de la cuenca del lago de Pátzcuaro como se estaba en los inicios del siglo XVI (Pollard y Gorenstein 1980; Gorenstein y Pollard 1983). El modelo enfocó en el papel importante de variación climática, cambios en los recursos resultantes y el proceso decisorio político. Pero el modelo era sumamente tentativa ya que era basado solamente en datos de la cuenca de Pátzcuaro en el posclásico tardío, cuando era el centro geopolítico del Estado tarasco, y proyectó atrás a tiempo. El conocimiento del Estado tarasco como existió a principios del siglo XVI proporcionó un punto final para la transformación modelada de la cuenca. Entonces, hice una serie de suposiciones sobre la naturaleza del patrón de asentamientos para los siglos inmediatamente antes del surgimiento del Estado, estableciendo un grupo de condiciones iniciales para eso. Fijé el punto inicial a d.C. 1000, basado en la historia dinástica que el Estado había centralizada ya por d.C. 1350, y suponía que los centros de la élite que jugaron los papeles mayores en la historia legendaria eran gobiernos autónomos, cada uno con élites locales, antes de la centralización política. y suponía que los centros de la élite que jugaron los papeles mayores en la historia legendaria eran gobiernos autónomos, cada uno con élites locales, antes de la centralización política. El número y las ubicaciones de estos centros eran determinados de los documentos históricos y los estudios arqueológicos limitados (Gorenstein y Pollard 1983). El potencial de los recursos agrarios y lacustres disponibles a estas élites era estimado con el uso de los polígonos de Thiessen. Como la reconstrucción medioambiental de la cuenca indicaba que el nivel del lago en el siglo XVI era por lo menos 10 m superior que el nivel de los 1940s, usé las fotografías aéreas disponibles y los mapas topográficos para determinar los recursos disponibles bajo las condiciones del agua baja (1940s) y del agua alta (1540s). Modelé el impacto del cambio en los niveles del lago bajo varias condiciones, incluyendo (1) una población a 50% de capacidad agraria y (2) a 50% de la población al momento de la llegada de los españoles. Todas las versiones producían una tensión sobre los recursos agrarios de los gobiernos propuestos, sobre todo en la cantidad y la ubicación de la tierra de riego, con los más grandes niveles de tensión asociados con los centros más prominentes en la historia legendaria y centros de los protagonistas mayores. Con tres décadas de estudios arqueológicos, ecológicos y etnohistóricos, ahora es posible proponer un modelo del surgimiento del primer estado arcaico en Michoacan. Mientras está basado en los datos disponibles de la cuenca del lago de Patzcuaro, la cuenca de Zacapu, la cuenca del lago de Cuitzeo, el Bajío, la meseta tarasca y la zona del río Balsas, este modelo se propondrá para guiar los estudios futuros de campo, de laboratorio y de archivos. Los problemas críticos para resolver en futuras investigaciones incluyen: (1)¿porqué la formación estatal ocurrió (y porqué con la estructura conocida)? (2)¿porqué la formación estatal secundaria era "retardada'" para más de un milenio? (3)¿porqué ocurrió en la cuenca de Pátzcuaro? y (4)¿cuál fue el papel de la etnicidad purepecha en el proceso?
Genomewide association analysis of coronary artery disease Samani, Nilesh J; Erdmann, Jeanette; Hall, Alistair S ...
New England journal of medicine/The New England journal of medicine,
08/2007, Letnik:
357, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Modern genotyping platforms permit a systematic search for inherited components of complex diseases. We performed a joint analysis of two genomewide association studies of coronary artery disease.
We ...first identified chromosomal loci that were strongly associated with coronary artery disease in the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (WTCCC) study (which involved 1926 case subjects with coronary artery disease and 2938 controls) and looked for replication in the German MI Myocardial Infarction Family Study (which involved 875 case subjects with myocardial infarction and 1644 controls). Data on other single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were significantly associated with coronary artery disease in either study (P<0.001) were then combined to identify additional loci with a high probability of true association. Genotyping in both studies was performed with the use of the GeneChip Human Mapping 500K Array Set (Affymetrix).
Of thousands of chromosomal loci studied, the same locus had the strongest association with coronary artery disease in both the WTCCC and the German studies: chromosome 9p21.3 (SNP, rs1333049) (P=1.80x10(-14) and P=3.40x10(-6), respectively). Overall, the WTCCC study revealed nine loci that were strongly associated with coronary artery disease (P<1.2x10(-5) and less than a 50% chance of being falsely positive). In addition to chromosome 9p21.3, two of these loci were successfully replicated (adjusted P<0.05) in the German study: chromosome 6q25.1 (rs6922269) and chromosome 2q36.3 (rs2943634). The combined analysis of the two studies identified four additional loci significantly associated with coronary artery disease (P<1.3x10(-6)) and a high probability (>80%) of a true association: chromosomes 1p13.3 (rs599839), 1q41 (rs17465637), 10q11.21 (rs501120), and 15q22.33 (rs17228212).
We identified several genetic loci that, individually and in aggregate, substantially affect the risk of development of coronary artery disease.
By a.d. 1350, central-western Mexico was incorporated into the Tarascan state. This irechequa tzintzuntzani (kingdom of Tzintzuntzan) has been known primarily from sixteenth-century documents. With ...three decades of archaeological, ecological, and ethnohistoric research, it is now possible to propose a model of the emergence of the first archaic state in Michoacan. Critical issues to be addressed include (1) why state formation occurred (and why this form); (2) why even secondary state formation was “delayed” for more than a millennium; (3) why it occurred in the Lake Patzcuaro Basin; and (4) the role of Purepecha ethnicity in the process.
Combined analyses of gene networks and DNA sequence variation can provide new insights into the aetiology of common diseases that may not be apparent from genome-wide association studies alone. ...Recent advances in rat genomics are facilitating systems-genetics approaches. Here we report the use of integrated genome-wide approaches across seven rat tissues to identify gene networks and the loci underlying their regulation. We defined an interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7)-driven inflammatory network (IDIN) enriched for viral response genes, which represents a molecular biomarker for macrophages and which was regulated in multiple tissues by a locus on rat chromosome 15q25. We show that Epstein-Barr virus induced gene 2 (Ebi2, also known as Gpr183), which lies at this locus and controls B lymphocyte migration, is expressed in macrophages and regulates the IDIN. The human orthologous locus on chromosome 13q32 controlled the human equivalent of the IDIN, which was conserved in monocytes. IDIN genes were more likely to associate with susceptibility to type 1 diabetes (T1D)-a macrophage-associated autoimmune disease-than randomly selected immune response genes (P = 8.85 × 10−6). The human locus controlling the IDIN was associated with the risk of T1D at single nucleotide polymorphism rs9585056 (P = 7.0 × 10−10; odds ratio, 1.15), which was one of five single nucleotide polymorphisms in this region associated with EBI2 (GPR183) expression. These data implicate IRF7 network genes and their regulatory locus in the pathogenesis of T1D.
Recently, genome-wide association studies identified variants on chromosome 9p21.3 as affecting the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). We investigated the association of this locus with CAD in 7 ...case-control studies and undertook a meta-analysis.
A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs1333049, representing the 9p21.3 locus, was genotyped in 7 case-control studies involving a total of 4645 patients with myocardial infarction or CAD and 5177 controls. The mode of inheritance was determined. In addition, in 5 of the 7 studies, we genotyped 3 additional SNPs to assess a risk-associated haplotype (ACAC). Finally, a meta-analysis of the present data and previously published samples was conducted. A limited fine mapping of the locus was performed. The risk allele (C) of the lead SNP, rs1333049, was uniformly associated with CAD in each study (P<0.05). In a pooled analysis, the odds ratio per copy of the risk allele was 1.29 (95% confidence interval, 1.22 to 1.37; P=0.0001). Haplotype analysis further suggested that this effect was not homogeneous across the haplotypic background (test for interaction, P=0.0079). An autosomal-additive mode of inheritance best explained the underlying association. The meta-analysis of the rs1333049 SNP in 12,004 cases and 28,949 controls increased the overall level of evidence for association with CAD to P=6.04x10(-10) (odds ratio, 1.24; 95% confidence interval, 1.20 to 1.29). Genotyping of 31 additional SNPs in the region identified several with a highly significant association with CAD, but none had predictive information beyond that of the rs1333049 SNP.
This broad replication provides unprecedented evidence for association between genetic variants at chromosome 9p21.3 and risk of CAD.
In a series of recent papers I have attempted to understand the political strategies of ruling elites in the Late Postclassic Tarascan state (Pollard 2012a, 2012b, 2014). The late emergence of the ...Tarascan state after AD 1350 and its survival into the early sixteenth century has provided us with the opportunity to use both archaeological and documentary sources of data. These sources present a complex, and somewhat counter-intuitive, pattern of ruling elites who claim an immigrant Chichimec heritage to justify their cooption of the native Purépecha nobility, while at the same time presenting themselves as fully ethnically Purépecha . Moreover,
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