The characteristics of acoustic-gravity waves (waveforms, time durations, amplitudes, azimuths and horizontal phase speeds) from the eruption of the Hunga-Tonga-Hunga-Hapai volcano detected at ...different infrasound stations of the Infrasound Monitoring System and at a network of low-frequency microbarographs in the Moscow region are studied. Using the correlation analysis of the signals at different locations, six arrivals of signals from the volcano, which made up to two revolutions around the Earth, were detected. The Lamb mode of acoustic gravity waves from the volcano eruption is identified and the effect of this mode on generation of tsunami waves and variation of aerosol concentration is studied. The energy released from an underwater volcano into the atmosphere is estimated from the parameters of the Lamb wave and compared with the energy released from the most powerful nuclear bomb of 58 Mt TNT.
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•The melt-spun FePd was doped with B, P, and Si.•Fe41Pd41P18−x−yBxSiy (x = 0–14; y = 0, 6) ribbons were annealed at 400–650 °C.•Ribbons were studied by X-ray and thermomagnetic ...analysis and SEM.•P addition favors the amorphization, refines grains, and enhances the coercivity.•Si substitution for B at the same P content refines grains and enhances coercivity.
Formation of the L10 structure in FePd alloys doped with nonmetallic elements is studied on melt-spun and annealed samples. The melt-spun Fe41Pd41P18−x−yBxSiy (x = 0–14; y = 0, 6) ribbons were annealed at the temperatures of 400–650 °C for different holdings in the range from 5 min to several hours and studied by X-ray and thermomagnetic analysis and TEM. The saturation magnetization, Curie temperature of the L10 phase, and grain size of the melt-spun doped Fe41Pd41P18−x−yBxSiy ribbons decrease in comparison with those of the melt-spun binary FePd alloy. The refined grain structure results in enhancing coercivity. Among all as-annealed samples, the P addition favors the amorphization of the as-spun Fe41Pd41P18 ribbons and refines grains of the formed L10 phase, but decreases magnetization. Substitution of B for P gives rise to magnetization of the Fe41Pd41P18−x−yBx alloys, but decreases their coercivity. A partial substitution of Si for B at the same P content refines grains and enhances the coercivity without a decrease in the magnetization of the Fe41Pd41P4B8Si6 alloy. It is suggested that P and B atoms occupy interstitial sites in the L10 lattice in the iron plane, weakening the exchange interaction and decreasing the Curie temperature. The additions of P, B, and Si to the FePd alloy allowed us to obtain the Fe41Pd41P4B8Si6 ribbons with the coercivity of 1560 Oe, which is 2.6 times higher than that of the melt-spun ribbons of the FePd alloy.
Summary
The objective of this study was to test the capacity of a newly developed fusion protein of interleukin 4 (IL‐4) and IL‐10 IL4‐10 fusion protein (FP) to shift multiple pro‐inflammatory ...pathways towards immune regulation, and to inhibit pro‐inflammatory activity in arthritis models. The effects of IL4‐10 FP in comparison with IL‐4, IL‐10 and IL‐4 plus IL‐10 on pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory mediators, T cells and immunoglobulin (Ig) receptors in favour of immunoregulatory activity were studied. In addition, the capacity of IL4‐10 FP to inhibit pro‐inflammatory activity in ex‐vivo and in‐vivo arthritis models was investigated. IL4‐10 FP robustly inhibited pro‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐1β, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, IL‐6 and IL‐8 production in whole blood cultures, mediated by both the IL‐10 and the IL‐4 moiety. IL4‐10 fusion protein induced IL‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1RA) production and preserved soluble TNF receptor (sTNFR) levels, strongly increasing IL‐1RA/IL‐1β and sTNFR/TNF‐α ratios. In addition, IL4‐10 FP strongly inhibited T helper (Th) type 1 and 17 cytokine secretion, while maintaining FoxP3 expression and up‐regulating Th2 activity. In addition, while largely leaving expression of activating Fc gamma receptor (FcγR)I, III and Fc epsilon receptor (FcεR) unaffected, it significantly shifted the FcγRIIa/FcγRIIb ratio in favour of the inhibitory FcγRIIb. Moreover, IL4–10 FP robustly inhibited secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines by rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue and suppressed experimental arthritis in mice, without inducing B cell hyperactivity. IL4‐10 fusion protein is a novel drug, signalling cells to induce immunoregulatory activity that overcomes limitations of IL‐4 and IL‐10 stand‐alone therapy, and therefore has therapeutic potential for inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
IL4‐10 fusion protein (IL4–10 FP) combines two potent anti‐inflammatory cytokines with unique properties into one molecule. IL4‐10 FP signals cells to induce robust immunoregulatory activity, strongly inhibiting pro‐inflammatory cytokine production by RA synovial tissue explants and suppressing experimental arthritis in mice. IL4‐10 fusion protein overcomes limitations of IL‐4 and IL‐10 stand‐alone therapy and therefore has therapeutic potential for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
The results of studying the magnetization, magnetostriction, specific heat, and magnetocaloric effect in LaFe11.1Mn0.1Co0.7Si1.1 polycrystalline alloy in pulsed (up to 180 kOe) and cyclic magnetic ...fields of 12 kOe with a frequency of up to 20 Hz are presented. Direct and indirect methods were used to evaluate the magnetocaloric properties. The dependence of ∆SM on the magnetic field near ТС is described by the power law ∆SM∼H2/3 without signs of saturation up to 180 kOe, reaching the maximum value ∆Smax= 38 J/kg K in a field of 180 kOe. The field dependence of the magnetostriction near ТС tends to saturation (the saturation field is about 120 kOe) a further increase in the field up to 180 kOe changes the magnetostriction by only ∼6%. Direct measurements of ∆Tad in a cyclic magnetic field of 12 kOe show a decrease in the amplitude of the effect by 17% as the frequency of the cyclic magnetic field increases up to 20 Hz. This is most likely due to magnetic and microstructural inhomogeneities, which act as an additional channel for thermal dissipation.
•Direct and indirect measurements magnetocaloric effect in LaFe11.1Mn0.1Co0.7Si1.1.•Magnetization, magnetostriction, specific heat LaFe11.1Mn0.1Co0.7Si1.1. Pulsed and cyclic magnetic fields.•The ∆Tad in a cyclic magnetic field of 12 kOe show a decrease in the amplitude of the effect with increasing frequency .•Long-term exposure to a cyclic magnetic field of 12 kOe at a frequency of 10 Hz shows the stability of the MCE .•The value of ∆SM at a magnetic field of 180 kOe is 38 J/kg K.
Abstract
Scintillation of pulsar radio signals caused by the interstellar medium can in principle be used for interstellar interferometry. Changes in the dynamic spectra as a function of pulsar ...longitude were in the past interpreted as having spatially resolved the pulsar magnetosphere. Guided by this prospect we used very long baseline interferometry observations of PSR B1237+25 with the Arecibo and Green Bank radio telescopes at 324 MHz and analyzed such scintillation at separate longitudes of the pulse profile. We found that the fringe phase characteristics of the visibility function changed quasi-sinusoidally as a function of longitude. Also, the dynamic spectra from each of the telescopes shifted in frequency as a function of longitude. Similar effects were found for PSR B1133+16. However, we show that these effects are not signatures of having resolved the pulsar magnetosphere. Instead, the changes can be related to the effect of low-level digitizing of the pulsar signal. After correcting for these effects the frequency shifts largely disappeared. Residual effects may be partly due to feed polarization impurities. Upper limits for the pulse emission altitudes of PSR B1237+25 would likely be well below the pulsar light cylinder radius. In view of our analysis, we think that observations with the intent of spatially resolving the pulsar magnetosphere need to be critically evaluated in terms of these constraints on interstellar interferometry.
For field electron emission (FE), an empirical equation for measured current
as a function of measured voltage
has the form
=
exp-
/
, where
is a constant and
and
are constants or vary weakly with
. ...Values for
can be extracted (i) from simulations based on some specific FE theory, and in principle (ii) from current-voltage measurements of sufficiently high quality. This paper shows that a comparison of theoretically derived and experimentally derived
values could provide a sensitive and useful tool for comparing FE theory and experiment, and for choosing between alternative theories. Existing methods of extracting
-values from experimental or simulated current-voltage data are discussed, including a modernized 'least residual' method, and existing knowledge concerning
-values is summarized. Exploratory simulations are reported. Where an analytical result for
is independently known, this value is reliably extracted. More generally, extracted
-values are sensitive to details of the emission theory used, but also depend on assumed emitter shape; these two influences will need to be disentangled by future research, and a range of emitter shapes will need examination. Other procedural conclusions are reported. Some scientific issues that this new tool may eventually be able to help investigate are indicated.
•Heat transfer enhancement by inclined trenches in the micro-channel is considered.•Significant laminar separation flow augmentation in the oval trench is obtained.•Maximum secondary flow velocity ...reaches a value of 0.72 of bulk velocity.•Mechanism of flow and heat transfer enhancement by inclined trenches is discovered.•The thermal performance of the dimpled portion has a value of 1.8.•The inclined trench depth optimal in Thermal Heat Performance is equal to 0.25.
Enhancement of heat transfer in laminar air flow in narrow channels, whose walls are provided with regularly spaced single-row inclined oval-trench dimples, is associated with designing mini- and micro-channels of microelectronics cooling devices, compact miniature heat exchangers, air capacitors, radiators. Vortex heat transfer is considered using the computational domain of the narrow micro-channel of dimensionless height 1, width 6 and length 4 at periodic boundary conditions. An oval-trench dimple of dimensionless width 1 and length 4.5 is located in the center of the heated wall at an angle of 45° to incoming flow. To solve the Navier–Stokes equations and the energy equation, multiblock computational technique realized in the VP2/3 code on overlapping grids of different topology and with a different density of computational cells has found use. The Reynolds number is equal to 103. The dimple depth Δ is varied from 0 to 0.375. Dimples are classified: shallow dimples and dimples of moderate and large depth. As Δ is increased, substantial laminar separated flow augmentation on the entrance portion of the inclined dimple is revealed and explained. Maximum absolute value of relative friction at Δ = 0.375 is twice increased in comparison to this quantity at Δ = 0.1125–0.25. A maximum absolute value of the secondary flow velocity in the dimple reaches 0.72 of bulk velocity. In the case of single-row inclined oval-trench dimples with a depth of more than 0.25, in the narrow channel the phenomenon of laminar flow acceleration with a 1.5-fold growth of a maximum core velocity is discovered. It is established that a reason for laminar separated and secondary flow augmentation in the inclined oval-trench dimple lies in a sharp static pressure drop (maximum pressure value is 0.34 and minimum pressure value is −0.14 at Δ = 0.3125) at a very small distance between the centers of high and low pressure zones on the entrance portion of the dimple. By increasing Δ, local relative heat loads on the entrance portion of the dimple on the windward side grow and reach values of 16–17. Maximum thermal performance determined by relative total Nusselt numbers averaged over a streamlined wall section with an inclined dimple is 1.8 at Δ = 0.3125; maximum thermal-hydraulic performance is 1.3 at Δ = 0.25.
Various classification algorithms used in the diagnosis of breast cancer based on microwave radiometry data are considered. In particular, their principles of operation and the possibility of ...substantiating diagnoses using numerical data are discussed. A substantiation algorithm based on decision trees and a naive Bayesian classifier is presented. Examples of substantiation are given for breast cancer.
•The open-core approach is applicable to ab initio description of Sm–Co alloys.•Magnetic and structural properties for 10 Sm–Co structures agree with available data.•It is shown that cobalt ...sublattices in the Sm–Co alloys are closer to Gd–Co than to Y–Co.•We developed EAM potential suitable for studying the SmCo5-Sm2Co17 phase boundary.
We present the results of ab initio simulations of the series of intermetallic Sm–Co compounds. We show that the “open core” approach allows calculating intrinsic properties of Sm–Co compounds with sufficient accuracy for all structures of the series. The calculated magnetic moments, both total and on the cobalt atom, as well as the elastic constants agree with the available experimental data. Using the data, we recover embedded atom potential for Sm–Co alloys, which is suitable for studying the interface of coherent SmCo5 and Sm2Co17 phases.
Two-dimensional (2D) membranes consisting of a single layer of Mo atoms were recently manufactured Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1707281 from MoSe2 sheets by sputtering Se atoms using an electron beam in a ...transmission electron microscope. This is an unexpected result as formation of Mo clusters should energetically be more favorable. To get microscopic insights into the energetics of realistic Mo membranes and nonstoichiometric phases of transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) M a X b , where M = Mo and W and X = S, Se, and Te, we carry out first-principles calculations and demonstrate that the membranes, which can be referred to as metallic quantum dots embedded into a semiconducting matrix, can be stabilized by charge transfer. We also show that an ideal neutral 2D Mo or W sheet is not flat but a corrugated structure, with a square lattice being the lowest-energy configuration. We further demonstrate that several intermediate nonstoichiometric phases of TMDs are possible as they have lower formation energies than pure metal membranes. Among them, the orthorhombic metallic 2D M4X4 phase is particularly stable. Finally, we study the properties of this phase in detail and discuss how it can be manufactured by the top-down approaches.
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