The circular economy offers a new product-waste-product model, in this case obtaining biofuels from rye biomass. The circular economy introduces a new product design, which will enable its ...functionality for a longer period of use. Secale cereale L. is an economically important crop for food, feed and bioenergy. The objective of this study was to estimate productivity of rye genotypes and the possibility of obtaining biogas from rye biomass during two growing seasons, 2019-2020. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of year and genotype on rye productivity parameters, biogas, methane yield, methane proportion, and the possibility of using rye as an alternative fuel in Serbia. The influence of the year and genotypes on the parameters of rye productivity, biogas and methane yield, methane content and the possibility of using rye as an alternative fuel in Serbia was investigated. Genotype and year × genotype interaction had a statistically significant effect on biogas yield, methane yield and methane content in the studied rye genotypes. Genotype G1 had the mean of green biomass yield (25.73 t ha-1) significantly higher compared to genotype G2 (23.75 t ha-1) in both years of experiment. Green biomass yield (24.11 t ha-1) was better in 2019 compared to 2020. Biogas yield varied from 260.57 m3 ha-1 (genotype G1) to 214.58 m3 ha-1 (genotype G2). Biogas yield were better in 2019 (237.85 m3 ha-1) compared to 2020 (237.30 m3 ha-1). A positive statistically highly significant correlation was attained between the green biomass yield and the length of the spikes (0.82··), green biomass yield and biogas yield (0.93··), green biomass yield and methane content (0.90··).
The relaxations of conductivity have been studied in the glassy regime of a strongly disordered two-dimensional electron system in Si after a temporary change of carrier density during the waiting ...time tw. Two types of response have been observed: (a) monotonic, where relaxations exhibit aging, i.e., dependence on history, determined by tw and temperature; (b) nonmonotonic, where a memory of the sample history is lost. The conditions that separate the two regimes also have been determined.
Leaves of linden (
Tilia tomentosa
L. and
Tilia cordata
Mill.) and horse chestnut (
Aesculus hippocastanum
L.) were analysed as biomonitors of radionuclides in urban air. Samples of soils, leaves and ...aerosols were collected in Belgrade, Serbia. Activities of
137
Cs,
40
K,
210
Pb and
7
Be in the samples were measured on an HPGe detector by standard gamma spectrometry. “Soil-to-leaves” transfer factors were calculated. Student’s
t
test and linear Pearson correlation coefficients were used for statistical analysis. Differences in local conditions at the sampling sites were not significant, and the mechanisms of the radionuclides’ accumulation in both plant species are similar. Ceasium-137 was detected in some of the leaf samples only. Transfer factors for
137
Cs and
40
K were (0.03–0.08) and 1.3, respectively. The concentrations of
210
Pb and
7
Be in leaves were higher in autumn than in spring, and there were some similarities in their seasonal patterns in leaves and in air. Weak to medium correlation was obtained for the
210
Pb and
7
Be activities in leaves and aerosols. Large positive correlation was obtained for the
210
Pb activities in linden leaves and the mean activity in aerosols for the preceding months. Different primary modes of radionuclides accumulation in leaves were observed. Since large positive correlation was obtained for the
210
Pb activity in linden leaves and the mean in aerosols for the preceding months, mature linden leaves could be used as biomonitors of recent
210
Pb activity in air.
The fluctuations of conductivity sigma with time have been studied in a two-dimensional electron system in low-mobility Si inversion layers. The noise power spectrum is approximately 1/f(alpha) with ...alpha exhibiting a sharp jump at an electron density n(s) = n(g). A huge increase in the relative variance of sigma is observed as n(s) is reduced below n(g), reflecting a dramatic slowing down of the electron dynamics. This is attributed to the freezing of the electron glass. The data strongly suggest that glassy dynamics persists in the metallic phase.
A low-frequency resistance noise study in highly underdoped thick films of La2−xSrxCuO4 (x=0.07 and 0.08) reveals slow, correlated dynamics and breaking of ergodicity near the superconducting ...transition of the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless type. The observed correlated behavior is strongly suppressed by disorder.
Studies of low-frequency resistance noise show that the dramatic change in the dynamics of the two-dimensional electron system (2DES) in Si that occurs near the metal-insulator transition (MIT) ...persists in high parallel magnetic fields B such that the 2DES is fully spin polarized. This strongly suggests that charge, as opposed to spin, degrees of freedom are responsible for this effect. In the metallic phase, however, noise is suppressed by a parallel B, pointing to the role of spins. At low B, the temperature dependence of conductivity in the metallic phase provides evidence for a MIT.
Aging effects in the relaxations of conductivity of a two-dimensional electron system in Si have been studied as a function of carrier density. They reveal an abrupt change in the nature of the ...glassy phase at the metal-insulator transition (MIT): (a) while full aging is observed in the insulating regime, there are significant departures from full aging on the metallic side of the MIT, before the glassy phase disappears completely at a higher density n(g): (b) the amplitude of the relaxations peaks just below the MIT, and it is strongly suppressed in the insulating phase. Other aspects of aging, including large non-Gaussian noise and similarities to spin glasses, also have been discussed.
INTRODUCTION Corporate governance requires company management to organize itself as a team that will appreciate the expertise and assistance in managing all parts of the enterprise. ...it seeks to ...find new innovative approaches by which it will be able to make important business decisions, and one such way is the introduction of internal audit in the business of the company (Wyatt, 2004). Continuous training of internal auditors should include the following areas: * Knowledge of how the management bodies operate in the company; * Knowledge and understanding of the basic audit principles and practices that all auditors should possess; * Training related to accounting principles and accounting policies within an enterprise; * Training related to audit skills and techniques; * One-to-one training, including the ability to communicate in a general way to improve the auditor's efficiency; * Specialized training for auditors in charge of specific activities, such as computer audit requiring specific skills; and * Training in management, for auditors who may possibly obtain management responsibilities and for existing team leaders to improve their effectiveness. In preparing the strategy and plan for continuing professional development of an internal auditor, the top management of a company that wants to operate on the principles of a green economy should consider the following: * Audit development plan; * Audit strategy; * Annual audit plan; * The results of discussions with auditors on the skills they currently possess and refine; * Missing skills identified through a 'matrix' of skills; * The individual goals of each employee and their need for continuing professional development; * Relevant regulations and internal standards; * Training budget; * Successful training; * The training strategy that exists in the organization and * All planned projects and specialized tasks. The job of an internal auditor in a green company should be performed by those persons who work according to the following principles: * Work exclusively in jobs for which they have the necessary knowledge, skills and experience; * Conduct business in accordance with standards and methodologies for collecting information on potential risks; * Ensure that they acquire the necessary basic skills necessary to perform the tasks entrusted to them; * Take responsibility for the continuous improvement of their expertise in order to raise the quality and effectiveness to a higher level.
A c-axis magnetotransport and resistance noise study in La_(1.97)Sr_(0.03)CuO_(4) reveals clear signatures of glassiness, such as hysteresis, memory, and slow, correlated dynamics, but only at ...temperatures (T) well below the spin glass transition temperature T_(sg). The results strongly suggest the emergence of charge glassiness, or dynamic charge ordering, as a result of Coulomb interactions.
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