Highlights • Supervised injection services (SISs) aim to reduce harm among drug users. • SISs have also been accused of fostering drug use and drug trafficking. • All studies converged to find that ...SISs fulfilled their harm-reduction objectives. • SISs were not found to increase drug use or crime. • 85% of the studies of the literature originated from Vancouver or Sydney.
Albuminuria is of one the strongest predictors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in diabetes. Diabetes is associated with cardiac microvascular dysfunction (CMD), a powerful, independent prognostic ...factor for cardiac mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between CMD and microvascular complications in patients without known CVD.
In this monocentric study, myocardial flow reserve (MFR) was measured with cardiac
Rubidium positron emission tomography (Rb-PET) in 311 patients referred to nuclear medicine department of Bichat University Hospital for screening of coronary artery disease from 2012 to 2014. Patients with hemodynamically relevant stenosis on coronary angiography or myocardial ischemia on Rb-PET were excluded. Among patients with diabetes, MFR values were compared according to the presence of retinopathy and albuminuria.
Overall, 175 patients (118 with type 2 diabetes) were included. MFR was significantly lower in patients with diabetes compared with those without diabetes (2.6 ± 1.1 vs. 3.3 ± 1.7; p < 0.005). In patients with diabetes, MFR decreased progressively in relation to albumin urinary excretion (normoalbuminuria: 2.9 ± 1.1, microalbuminuria: 2.3 ± 1.0, macroalbuminuria: 1.8 ± 0.7; p < 0.0001). MFR was not significantly different in patients with vs. without retinopathy (2.4 ± 1.0 vs. 2.7 ± 1.1, p = 0.07). Microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria remained strongly associated with impaired MFR after multiple adjustments odds ratio 2.6 (95% CI 1.1-8.4) and 5.3 (95% CI 1.2-44.7), respectively. This association was confirmed when analyses were restricted to patients with low levels of coronary calcifications on computed tomography.
Impaired MFR was more frequent in patients with diabetes and was strongly associated with the degree of albuminuria suggesting that CMD and albuminuria might share common mechanisms.
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