Climate change means any distinct change in patterns expected for climate which occurs in a long term and a particular region or the entire global climate. Increasing greenhouse gases in the ...atmosphere will keep the sun warm and increase the Earth's temperature. Therefore, recognizing greenhouse gas sources plays an important role in controlling adverse climate change conditions. Aquatic environments are important sources of greenhouse gas emissions, such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. The global warming increases the emission of methane gas from sea bottom to the atmosphere. Another event in aquatic environments related to climate change, is the attaching/adhering of biofouling species on the body of boats and ships which is followed by the high frictional resistance, due to generated roughness, which leads to an increase of weight and subsequent potential speed reduction and it may also entail a need for heavier and less energetically efficient machinery. The increase in fuel consumption can be up to 40% and produce more carbon dioxide. In rice fields (rice combined with fish), fish perturbation of the soil entails water turbidity due to resuspension of sediment granules and a higher level of methane gas emission. Thus, the purpose of this research is to briefly review the role of aquatic environments and their components, in increasing and reducing some greenhouse gases, as well as sources of these gases water ecosystems with emphases on climate change effects on the Caspian Sea based on various researches.
This study was conducted to determine statement of some metals and oil pollutants in the southern Caspian Sea (Kelarabad-Mazandaran).Seventy five Surface sediments samples (Triplicate) were collected ...at three stations from autumn of 2011 to winter of 2012. All samples were prepared by digesting and extracting processes and then determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and High Performance Liquid Chromatography instruments. Results showed that annual mean contents and standard error ( plus or minus SE) of surface sediments were observed 59 ( plus or minus 3), 25 ( plus or minus 1), 42 ( plus or minus 2), 28 ( plus or minus 1), 14 ( plus or minus 1), 0.16 ( plus or minus 0.06), 0.020 ( plus or minus 0.005) and 2.81 ( plus or minus 0.73) mg/kg.dw for Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cd, Hg and PAHs, respectively. Also, sediments samples based on Enrichment factor (EF) and Ggeoaccumulation index (Igeo) were showed no polluted conditions for this region, but sediments were classified low polluted based on CF, Cd and PLI. In addition, Hazard Quotation (HQs) of most of PAHs compound were calculated more than unit in surface sediment which according to results of the evaluation's risks to health of 16PAHs suggest that there is risk for biota. In a conclusion, according to anthropogenic sources of some metals and PAHs of sediment, it is essential that the management and development of the aquaculture industry in the Mazandaran Coast to be made with environmental considerations and cautions.
Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune condition that affects up to 2% of the general population. Currently available treatment options for AA are of limited efficacy and can be associated with ...adverse effects. The advancement in understanding of the genetic and molecular mechanisms of AA has led to the development of novel treatment options, with the Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor class of drugs at the forefront of ongoing clinical trials. Platelet-rich plasma, fecal transplants, and cytokine-targeted therapy with ustekinumab and dupilumab have also been shown to regrow hair in patients with AA in individual case reports or small studies. Several other novel therapies have preliminary data or are being tested in clinical trials.
The biosorptive potentials of three aquatics-based biosorbents, including shells of a bivalve mollusk and scales of two fish species for Pb removal from aqueous solutions were evaluated, for the ...first time. A Box-Behnken design with the response surface methodology was used to investigate the effects of the seven important variables (contact time, temperature, initial concentration, dosage, size, salinity and pH) on the sorption capacity of the sorbents. Among the seven studied factors, the effects of biosorbent dosage, initial concentration and pH were significant for all the response variables, while biosorbent size was not significant for any of the responses. The initial concentration was the most influential factor. The presence of Pb ions on the surfaces of the biosorbents after the adsorption was clearly confirmed by the SEM-EDX and XRF analyses. The maximum sorption capacities of the biosorbents were comparable to the literature and the descending order was as follows: scales of Rutilus kutum and Oncorhynchus mykiss and the shells of Cerastoderma glaucum. The isotherm studies revealed Langmuir model applicability for the Pb adsorption by R. kutum and O. mykiss scales, while Freundlich model was fitted to the adsorption C. glaucum shells.
The vitiligo area scoring index (VASI) is a validated, reliable clinician-reported outcome measure widely used to assess the extent of skin depigmentation seen in patients with vitiligo and to ...measure patient responses to therapies for vitiligo in clinical trials. However, its implementation in studies is inconsistent and makes comparing results across different studies difficult. The aim of this scoping review is to summarize interventional clinical studies that applied the VASI to measure vitiligo and identify variability in VASI implementation. A systematic search of Ovid Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, and ClinicalTrials.gov was performed. Interventional studies published between January 1946 and October 2020 that used the VASI as an outcome measure for assessing vitiligo response were reviewed for methodological approach. Great heterogeneity was found within the 55 included interventional studies that used VASI as an outcome measure. A total of 9 VASI subtypes were described by the authors within 10 intervention categories. VASI determined study eligibility in one study. Body surface area was most frequently established using inconsistent methods. We found unclear or ambiguously scaled assessments of depigmentation. Most VASI outcomes were reported as mean absolute difference, percentage VASI improvement, and percentage of patients who achieved the VASI endpoint. The VASI score was over 100 in one study. Our scoping review revealed many VASI methodology variations in interventional clinical studies of vitiligo. While VASI is a standard method to measure vitiligo changes, substantial heterogeneity in methodology limits reliable comparison and interpretation of findings from different clinical trials. Our findings may be used as a foundation to standardize the VASI outcome measure methodology, allowing for improved clinician training and rigorous data analysis across vitiligo research groups worldwide.
Background
Surgical reconstructions following Mohs micrographic surgery and standard surgical excisions are often closed with two layers of sutures: a deep subcuticular layer and a superficial ...cuticular layer. Some surgeons feel the need to place many deep sutures in order to reduce tension on cuticular sutures, as they believe this may decrease incidence of track marks and dehiscence, and lead to better cosmetic outcomes. However, others feel that a higher number of subcuticular sutures increases the risk of a suture reaction, which leads to patient anxiety and poorer wound cosmesis. To our knowledge, there are no studies published on the effect of subcuticular suture spacing on wound cosmesis.
Objectives
To determine whether suturing with 1‐cm interval subcuticular sutures results in better cosmetic outcomes than suturing with 2‐cm interval subcuticular sutures.
Methods
Fifty patients were enrolled in a randomized clinical trial using a split‐wound model, where half of the wound was repaired with sutures spaced 2 cm apart and the other half was repaired with sutures spaced 1 cm apart (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT03327922). Both the evaluators and patients were blinded as to which side received which treatment. The scar was evaluated 3 months post‐surgery by two blinded observers and the patients themselves using the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS), a validated scar assessment instrument.
Results
The total mean POSAS score for observers for the sides that received 1‐cm interval subcuticular sutures and the sides that received 2‐cm interval subcuticular sutures did not differ significantly at 3 months (P = 0·34). There was also no significant difference in the patient assessment scale score between the two sides at 3 months (P = 0·084).
Conclusions
We found that 1‐cm suture spacing was not significantly associated with improved overall cosmetic outcome compared with 2‐cm suture spacing when evaluated by blinded observers or the patients themselves. Our results support the use of either interval.
What is already known about this topic?
Surgeons have differing opinions on the ideal frequency of subcuticular sutures for optimizing cosmetic outcomes and minimizing suture reactions.
The effect of subcuticular suture spacing on wound cosmesis has not been previously explored in the literature.
What does this study add?
There was no significant difference in cosmetic outcome between 1‐cm suture spacing and 2‐cm suture spacing when evaluated by blinded observers and patients.
Dermatology surgeons can use 2‐cm suture spacing for increased efficiency, without significantly different cosmetic outcomes, detected by blinded observers and patients.
Surgeons have varying opinions on the ideal interval of subcuticular sutures for optimizing cosmetic outcomes and minimizing suture reactions. We found that 1 cm suture spacing was not significantly associated with improved overall cosmetic outcome compared with 2 cm suture spacing when evaluated by blinded observers or the patients themselves. Our results support the use of either interval.
The figure presented here illuminates the large number of variables that are necessary to adequately describe phototesting protocols. Each of these characteristics can be critical in understanding ...results presented in the photomedicine community as well as the broader photobiology and photochemistry communities. The inclusion of all of these variables within each phototesting publication will aid in discourse and further scientific discovery within our field.
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