Highlights • Increased D2S in PFC of susceptible mice compared to controls. • Increased D2L in the PFC of susceptible mice compared with controls. • Increased D2Rs dimers in PFC of susceptible mice ...compared with controls.
A comprehensive structure and performance study of thin blend films of the small‐molecule semiconductor, 2,8‐difluoro‐5,11‐bis(triethylsilylethynyl)anthradithiophene (diF‐TESADT), with various ...insulating binder polymers in organic thin‐film transistors is reported. The vertically segregated composition profile and nanostructure in the blend films are characterized by a combination of complementary experimental methods including grazing incidence X‐ray diffraction, neutron reflectivity, variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry, and near edge X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. Three polymer binders are considered: atactic poly(α‐methylstyrene), atactic poly(methylmethacrylate), and syndiotactic polystyrene. The choice of polymer can strongly affect the vertical composition profile and the extent of crystalline order in blend films due to the competing effects of confinement entropy, interaction energy with substrate surfaces, and solidification kinetics. The variations in the vertically segregated composition profile and crystalline order in thin blend films explain the significant impacts of binder polymer choice on the charge carrier mobility of these films in the solution‐processed bottom‐gate/bottom‐contact thin‐film transistors.
Vertical phase segregation in blend films of an organic small molecule semiconductor, diF‐TESADT, and various binder polymers are investigated. Comprehensive structural analysis reveals that the choice of polymer can strongly affect the structure of blend films due to the competing effects of confinement entropy, interaction energy, and solidification kinetics.
Neutrinos associated with solar flares (solar-flare neutrinos) provide information on particle acceleration mechanisms during the impulsive phase of solar flares. We searched using the ...Super-Kamiokande detector for neutrinos from solar flares that occurred during solar cycles \(23\) and \(24\), including the largest solar flare (X28.0) on November 4th, 2003. In order to minimize the background rate we searched for neutrino interactions within narrow time windows coincident with \(\gamma\)-rays and soft X-rays recorded by satellites. In addition, we performed the first attempt to search for solar-flare neutrinos from solar flares on the invisible side of the Sun by using the emission time of coronal mass ejections (CMEs). By selecting twenty powerful solar flares above X5.0 on the visible side and eight CMEs whose emission speed exceeds \(2000\) \(\mathrm{km \, s^{-1}}\) on the invisible side from 1996 to 2018, we found two (six) neutrino events coincident with solar flares occurring on the visible (invisible) side of the Sun, with a typical background rate of \(0.10\) (\(0.62\)) events per flare in the MeV-GeV energy range. No significant solar-flare neutrino signal above the estimated background rate was observed. As a result we set the following upper limit on neutrino fluence at the Earth \(\mathit{\Phi}<1.1\times10^{6}\) \(\mathrm{cm^{-2}}\) at the \(90\%\) confidence level for the largest solar flare. The resulting fluence limits allow us to constrain some of the theoretical models for solar-flare neutrino emission.
We searched for proton decay via $p\to\mu^+K^0$ in 0.37\,Mton$\cdot$years of
data collected between 1996 and 2018 from the Super-Kamiokande water Cherenkov
experiment. The selection criteria were ...defined separately for $K^0_S$ and
$K^0_L$ channels. No significant event excess has been observed. As a result of
this analysis, which extends the previous search by an additional
0.2\,Mton$\cdot$years of exposure and uses an improved event reconstruction, we
set a lower limit of $3.6\times10^{33}$ years on the proton lifetime.
The cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) is a biophysical technique allowing direct studies of ligand binding to proteins in cells and tissues. The proteome-wide implementation of CETSA with mass ...spectrometry detection (MS-CETSA) has now been successfully applied to discover targets for orphan clinical drugs and hits from phenotypic screens, to identify off-targets, and to explain poly-pharmacology and drug toxicity. Highly sensitive multidimensional MS-CETSA implementations can now also access binding of physiological ligands to proteins, such as metabolites, nucleic acids, and other proteins. MS-CETSA can thereby provide comprehensive information on modulations of protein interaction states in cellular processes, including downstream effects of drugs and transitions between different physiological cell states. Such horizontal information on ligandmodulation in cells is largely orthogonal to vertical information on the levels of different proteins and therefore opens novel opportunities to understand operational aspects of cellular proteomes.
The structural and thermoelectric transport properties of melt-grown Bi2Se3 single crystals are systematically investigated with the co-doping of Sn and Te in the temperature range 10–400 K. The ...powder X-ray diffraction and high-resolution X-ray diffraction studies confirm the hexagonal crystal structure with R3‾m space group. Images of the field emission scanning electron microscopy have shown crack-free smooth surface morphological features. Energy dispersive analysis of X-ray authorizes the chemical composition of elements in the samples. The degenerate semiconducting nature is observed in the entire series of samples with 6.8 times reduction in electrical resistivity for (Bi0.96Sn0.04)2Se2.7Te0.3 compared to the pristine Bi2Se3. The maximum ZT value of ∼0.32 is obtained for Bi2Se2.7Te0.3 single crystal at 400 K, about 7.4 times larger than that of Bi2Se3.
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•The effects of Sn and Te co-doping on the TE properties of Bi2Se3 is investigated in the temperature range 10–400 K.•The single crystals of (Bi1-xSnx)2Se2.7Te0.3 are characterized by HRXRD to know symmetry and perfection of the materials.•The electrical resistivity of (Bi0.96Sn0.04)2Se2.7Te0.3 is found to be reduced by 6.3 times than that of pristine Bi2Se3.•The highest ZT value of ∼0.32 is observed in Bi2Se2.7Te0.3 at 400 K, which is 7.4 times larger than the pristine Bi2Se3.
In 2020, the Super-Kamiokande (SK) experiment moved to a new stage (SK-Gd) in which gadolinium (Gd) sulfate octahydrate was added to the water in the detector, enhancing the efficiency to detect ...thermal neutrons and consequently improving the sensitivity to low energy electron anti-neutrinos from inverse beta decay (IBD) interactions. SK-Gd has the potential to provide early alerts of incipient core-collapse supernovae through detection of electron anti-neutrinos from thermal and nuclear processes responsible for the cooling of massive stars before the gravitational collapse of their cores. These pre-supernova neutrinos emitted during the silicon burning phase can exceed the energy threshold for IBD reactions. We present the sensitivity of SK-Gd to pre-supernova stars and the techniques used for the development of a pre-supernova alarm based on the detection of these neutrinos in SK, as well as prospects for future SK-Gd phases with higher concentrations of Gd. For the current SK-Gd phase, high-confidence alerts for Betelgeuse could be issued up to nine hours in advance of the core-collapse itself.
Super-Kamiokande has been searching for neutrino bursts characteristic of core-collapse supernovae continuously, in real time, since the start of operations in 1996. The present work focuses on ...detecting more distant supernovae whose event rate may be too small to trigger in real time, but may be identified using an offline approach. The analysis of data collected from 2008 to 2018 found no evidence of distant supernovae bursts. This establishes an upper limit of 0.29 year\(^{-1}\) on the rate of core-collapse supernovae out to 100 kpc at 90% C.L.. For supernovae that fail to explode and collapse directly to black holes the limit reaches to 300 kpc.
Monoclonal antibodies have therapeutic potential for treating diseases of the central nervous system, but their accumulation in the brain is limited by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Here, we show ...that reducing the affinity of an antibody for the transferrin receptor (TfR) enhances receptor-mediated transcytosis of the anti-TfR antibody across the BBB into the mouse brain where it reaches therapeutically relevant concentrations. Anti-TfR antibodies that bind with high affinity to TfR remain associated with the BBB, whereas lower-affinity anti-TfR antibody variants are released from the BBB into the brain and show a broad distribution 24 hours after dosing. We designed a bispecific antibody that binds with low affinity to TfR and with high affinity to the enzyme β-secretase (BACE1), which processes amyloid precursor protein into amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides including those associated with Alzheimer's disease. Compared to monospecific anti-BACE1 antibody, the bispecific antibody accumulated in the mouse brain and led to a greater reduction in brain Aβ after a single systemic dose. TfR-facilitated transcytosis of this bispecific antibody across the BBB may enhance its potency as an anti-BACE1 therapy for treating Alzheimer's disease.
Non-Standard Interactions (NSI) between neutrinos and matter affect the neutrino flavor oscillations. Due to the high matter density in the core of the Sun, solar neutrinos are suited to probe these ...interactions. Using the \(277\) kton-yr exposure of Super-Kamiokande to \(^{8}\)B solar neutrinos, we search for the presence of NSI. Our data favors the presence of NSI with down quarks at 1.8\(\sigma\), and with up quarks at 1.6\(\sigma\), with the best fit NSI parameters being (\(\epsilon_{11}^{d},\epsilon_{12}^{d}\)) = (-3.3, -3.1) for \(d\)-quarks and (\(\epsilon_{11}^{u},\epsilon_{12}^{u}\)) = (-2.5, -3.1) for \(u\)-quarks. After combining with data from the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory and Borexino, the significance increases by 0.1\(\sigma\).
