The subject analysed in this paper is European achievements and legal standards for the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from maritime transport. The author re-examines the ecological ...aspect of European maritime navigation and its important role in reducing CO2 emissions as the most important greenhouse gas. By reviewing the sources of European law relevant to this matter, the author examines European legal origins based on the provisions of Regulation (EC) No. 2015/757 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the monitoring, reporting and verification of carbon dioxide emissions from maritime transport. In order to provide a systematic overview of the European legal framework, the author also analyses provisions that complement the rules and methods for monitoring CO2 emissions from maritime transport, i.e. the provisions contained in Regulation (EC) No. 2016/1927 and Regulation (EC) No. 2016/1928. The underlying concept of this paper is a discussion concerning the provisions of the regional monitoring, reporting and verification system of CO2 emissions from maritime transport, applicable to all ships irrespective of the flag the ship flies. The author further presents and analyses the effect that the application of the relevant provisions has on the reduction of CO2 emissions in ports and the measures that the European ports of call will be authorized to take, on 1st July 2019, in the sense of checking the Document of Compliance of the ship with the provisions of Regulation (EC) No. 2015/757. Taking into account the justification and functionality of the regional approach to addressing CO2 emissions issues from ships, the author considers it necessary to achieve international uniformity in order to reduce CO2 emissions from maritime transport globally.
In the Republic of Croatia significant amendments of the Maritime Code are being prepared. Among the provisions outlined in the Draft proposal for amending the Maritime Code of August 2018 there are ...the provisions on marine casualty investigation (defining the concept of marine casualty, dividing marine casualties on very serious marine casualties and serious marine casualties, regulating the procedure of conducting marine casualty investigations and jurisdiction for their enforcement) adopted to improve maritime safety. In view of a continuing trend towards increasing numbers of marine casualties in EU, in this paper the author points out the importance of the topic and critically analyses certain provisions of the national legal system on marine casualties safety investigation activities (Draftproposal for amending the Maritime Code of 2018, Regulation on the manner and conditions for conducting safety investigations of marine casualties and incidents of 2015 and Coast Guard Law of the Republic of Croatia of 2007). The aim of this scientific research is to detect the deficiencies in the national normative framework of Coast Guard support in marine casualty investigations (jurisdiction of the Coast Guard overlapping with jurisdictions of other authorities - nondefinition of competent authorities' joint affairs - nondefinition of the power, methods and procedures of Coast Guard assistance in the investigation of marine casualties) whose removal would contribute to the improvement of the system of safety investigations into marine casualties, identification of the causes of marine casualties and quality performance of the Coast Guard which is at the forefront of ensuring maritime safety.
Autorica u radu razmatra ekološke i pravne posljedice uporabe brodskog pogonskog goriva sa smanjenim sadržajem sumpora na smanjenje emisija SO2 s brodova. Analizirajući učinkovitost pravnih ...instrumenata za provedbu zaštite zraka na međunarodnoj i europskoj razini, autorica uspoređuje rješenja Priloga VI. MARPOL-konvencije s rješenjima sekundarnog zakonodavstva Europske unije (direktive 1999/32/EZ, direktive 2005/33/EZ, direktive 2012/33/EZ te Provedbene odluke Komisije (EU) 2015/253) te uspješnost njihova prenošenja u hrvatski pravni sustav. Ukazujući na institucionalni okvir te međunarodne i europske pravne propise, autorica iznosi važeći međunarodni sustav odgovornosti za štetu zbog onečišćenja morskog okoliša izlijevanjem brodskog (pogonskog) goriva s broda (neovisno o sadržaju sumpora u tom gorivu) prema rješenjima Međunarodne konvencije o građanskoj odgovornosti za štete izlijevanjem pogonskog ulja iz 2001. god. Sveobuhvatnom analizom problema praktične primjene brodskog goriva sa smanjenim sadržajem sumpora posebno je razmatran utjecaj usklađivanja s europskim ekološkim zahtjevima na povećanje troškova pomorskog prijevoza. Autorica naglašava neodrživost prometnog sustava zbog dugogodišnje 90-postotne ovisnosti pomorskog prometa o nafti, tj. o neobnovljivom izvoru energije te upućuje na uporabu alternativnih goriva.
The author considers the ecological and legal consequences of the use of marine fuels with reduced sulfur content in the reduction of SO2 emissions from ships. Analyzing the efficaciously of the international and european legal instruments for the implementation of air protection, the author compares the solutions of Annex VI. MARPOL Convention with secondary EU legislation (Directive 1999/32/EC, Directive 2005/33/EC, Directive 2012/33/EC and Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2015/253) and the success of their transfer to the croatian legal system. Noting on the institutional framework of the international and european legislation author outlines valid international system of civil liability for bunker oil pollution damage from ships (regardless of the sulfur content of the fuel) according to solutions of the International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage, 2001.
With comprehensive analysis problems of practical application of marine fuel with reduced sulfur content it was considered the effect of harmonization with european environmental requirements to increase the cost of sea transport. The author emphasizes the unsustainability of transport system due to many years of 90% strength dependence of the maritime transport on oil, i.e. a non-renewable energy source and points to the use of alternative fuels.
In the last decade, services in nautical tourism in the Republic of Croatia have been provided not only in marinas and other facilities intended for nautical tourism by the relevant domestic ...regulations, but also in other types of ports, such as public ports and sports club ports. Although marinas and public ports provide the same services i.e., berthing services for nautical tourism vessels, different corporate tax regimes apply to these two types of seaports. The first part of the paper gives an overview of the legal rules regulating seaports in Croatia. Subsequently, the competitive positions of marinas and public ports on the market of nautical tourism services in Croatia are examined. In this context, the case law of the Court of Justice of the EU on undertakings and State aids in the form of corporate tax advantages granted to port authorities is outlined. In addition, past enforcement of competition rules in the Croatian nautical tourism sector is analysed. Finally, de lege ferenda proposals are submitted, which might, in the author’s view, contribute to the creation of a level playing field for port operators providing nautical tourism services in Croatia.
Iznoseći pregled pravnih akata čija rješenja, kao rezultat aktivnih klimatsko-pomorskih politika na europskoj i globalnoj razini, jamče smanjenje emisija stakleničkih plinova u pomorskom prometu – ...autorica ukazuje na značaj rješenja o uvođenju obveznih, globalnih, minimalnih standarda energetske učinkovitosti brodova u međunarodnoj plovidbi. Osnovno polazište ovog istraživanja čini analiza Pravila 22A izmijenjenog Priloga VI. Konvencije MARPOL kojim se uspostavlja pravni okvir obveznog globalnog sustava prikupljanja podataka o potrošnji loživih ulja na brodovima (IMO DCS), a prema kojemu su, od 1. siječnja 2019. godine, brodari dužni prikupljati podatke o potrošnji goriva za brodove iznad 5000 BT u međunarodnoj pomorskoj plovidbi te izvještavati o potrošnji goriva od ožujka 2020. godine. U radu se posebna pozornost posvećuje analizi regulatorne aktivnosti europskog zakonodavstva iz 2019. godine u odnosu na Prijedlog Uredbe Europskog parlamenta i Vijeća o izmjeni Uredbe (EU) 2015/757 i nastojanja ostvarivanja potpune usklađenosti europskog i globalnog sustava prikupljanja podataka o emisijama i potrošnji goriva na brodovima, a u cilju smanjenja emisija stakleničkih plinova iz pomorskog prometa. U središtu pozornosti su pitanja ocjene uspješnosti usklađivanja rješenja Uredbe (EU) 2015/757 s globalnim sustavom IMO DCS prema Prijedlogu Uredbe Europskog parlamenta i Vijeća o izmjeni Uredbe (EU) 2015/757 iz 2019. godine.
Presenting an overview of legal acts whose solutions, as a result of active climate and maritime policies at European and global level, guarantee the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from maritime transport - the author points out the importance of the decision on the introduction of mandatory, global, minimum energy efficiency standards for ships in international shipping. The basic starting point of this research is the analysis of Rule 22A of amended Annex VI. MARPOL Convention which establishes a legal framework for the mandatory global data collection system for fuel oil consumption of ships (IMO DCS), according to which, from 1 January 2019, shipowners are required to collect fuel oil consumption data for ships above 5,000 GT and above in international shipping and to report on fuel oil consumption as of March 2020. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the regulatory activity of the European legislation of 2019 in relation to the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation (EU) 2015/757 and the efforts to achieve full harmonisation of the European and global system of collecting data on emissions and fuel oil consumption on ships, with the aim of reducing greenhouse gas emissions from maritime transport. The focus is on the assessment of the effectiveness of aligning the provisions of Regulation (EU) 2015/757 with the global IMO DCS system under the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation (EU) 2015/757 from 2019.
In this paper, the authors have set forth and analysed the regulatory framework of out-of-court insurance dispute resolution through the European consumer protection regulations under Directive ...2013/11/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on alternative dispute resolution. In view of the fact that Directive 2013/11/EU stipulates out-of-court resolution of disputes concerning contractual obligations that stem from service contracts, its application on insurance as a service is evident. The specific objectives that ensure a higher level of consumer protection, pursuant to Regulation (EU) No 254/2014 on multiannual consumer programme, and promote alternative resolution of disputes and better and easier access to simple, efficient and expedient legal protection and out-of-court settlement of consumer disputes have a significant legal effect on the exercise of rights from the insurance contract as a consumer contract. Out-of-court dispute resolution is simple, efficient, expedient and low-cost, and due to its advantages in application and its role of an instrument of consumer protection, it has a positive effect on insurance dispute resolution. In comparing certain regulations that have the foundation in EU legislation with the solutions within the national legislation, the authors primarily refer to the provisions of Article 89 of the Insurance Act on the pre-contractual obligation of the insurer to provide information to the policy-holder on the ways of settling possible disputes and initiate the procedure of out-of-court dispute resolution between the insured, that is, the policyholder/consumer and the insurance company, that is, the insurance provider. The aim of the above mentioned provision is to ensure out-of-court resolution of insurance disputes in a peaceful manner. Due to the overload of the judicial system and lengthy court proceedings as a regular method of legal protection, out-of-court insurance dispute resolution is of special interest for the Republic of Croatia. In fact, the annual intake of damages claims on the grounds of motor vehicle third party liability insurance emphasises all the more the advantages of using the mechanisms of out-of-court resolution of disputes as an optional, flexible and reliable procedure, the cheapest and the quickest settlement of insurance disputes. For that reason, the authors analyse the cogent legal regulations by means of which Article 12 of the Act on Compulsory Traffic Insurance 12 prescribes a 60-day time-limit from the day the damages claim was received, within which the insurer has to settle the damages claim anticipating a peaceful settlement of damages claims in out-of-court resolution of disputes. The strengthening of consumers' position in the contractual relationship with the insurer as a provider of financial services is especially evident in the comparative analysis of the conditions for compulsory motor vehicle third party liability insurance, particularly in relation to the provisions on out-of-court resolution of disputes. Having done the analysis of the aforesaid provisions on the conditions for compulsory motor vehicle third party liability insurance offered by a number of insurance companies, the authors have come to a conclusion that uniform contents of the insurance contractual correlation via an out-of-court resolution of insurance disputes ensure consumer protection in insurance services. By pointing to the European legal principles and practices concerning the settlement of most damages claims by out-of-court dispute resolution, the authors have highlighted the importance of out-of-court insurance dispute resolution, concluding that the aforementioned procedure in the national legal system has been harmonized with the European standards of consumer protection. As a result, consumers as key factors in the national economy have more trust in the insurance market, and at the same time, the creation of a uniform European insurance market has been facilitated.
Autorica se u radu bavi pravnoteorijskom elaboracijom suzbijanja
nezakonite migracije putnika u zračnom prijevozu (s naglaskom na državljane
trećih zemalja) ukazujući na modalitete i pravne ...posljedice provođenja provjere
valjanosti i vjerodostojnosti putnikovih putnih isprava prema najnovijim
rješenjima schengenske pravne stečevine te ocjenjujući ulogu zračnog
prijevoznika u zaštiti vanjske granice EU. Autorica ukazuje na nedovoljnu
pravnu reguliranost pojmova „neodgovarajuća putna dokumentacija“ i „potrebne
putne isprave“ preispitujući pravne učinke posjedovanja i predočenja neodgovarajuće putne
dokumentacije kao opravdanog razloga uskraćivanja ukrcaja putnika na let prema
rješenjima Uredbe (EU) 261/2004 i tumačenjima predmetne odredbe prema
rješenjima Smjernica iz 2016. U tom kontekstu, cilj je rada ukazati na aktualne
promjene u pogledu privatnopravne zaštite putnika prema važećim europskopravnim
rješenjima, ali i na najnoviji postupak pred Sudom EU-a (slučaj C-584/18) glede
tumačenja pojedinih rješenja europskopravnih propisa važećih za ovu problematiku (Uredbe (EU) 261/2004 i Uredbe (EU) 2016/399).
Završno se analiziraju obveze zračnog prijevoznika snositi financijske sankcije
(novčane kazne) u slučaju prijevoza putnika bez potrebne putne isprave te predlažu
rješenja de lege ferenda.
L'autrice nel contributo si occupa dell'elaborazione teorico-giuridica concernente la lotta alla migrazione illegale dei passeggeri nel trasporto aereo (con l'accento sui cittadini dei paesi terzi), illustrando le modalità e le conseguenze giuridiche derivanti dal controllo della validità ed autenticità dei documenti di viaggio dei viaggiatori alla luce delle più recenti soluzioni derivanti dalle regole
di Schengen e valutando il ruolo del trasportatore aereo nella tutela dei confini esterni dell'UE. L'autrice sottolinea la lacunosità della disciplina della nozione di „ inadeguata documentazione di viaggio “e di „documenti di viaggio necessari“, interrogandosi all'uopo sulle conseguenze giuridiche della detenzione e dell'esibizione di documenti di viaggio non adeguati quale motivo giustificato per negare l'imbarco del viaggiatore ai sensi delle soluzioni prospettate dal Regolamento (UE) N. 261/2004 e delle interpretazioni di tale disposizione ai sensi della Direttiva del 2016. In tale contesto, lo scopo del contributo è di rilevare gli attuali cambiamenti nel contesto della tutela giuridica privata dei viaggiatori in forza delle soluzioni giuridiche europee attualmente esistenti, come pure alla luce dei più recenti giudizi dinnanzi alla Corte di Giustizia dell'UE (caso C-584/18) con riferimento all'interpretazione di singole norme europee vigenti in questa materia (Regolamento (UE) 261/2004 e Regolamento (UE) 2016/399). In conclusione, si disaminano gli obblighi del trasportatore aereo di sostenere le sanzioni pecuniarie nel caso di trasporto di un viaggiatore
sprovvisto dei necessari documenti di viaggio, proponendo all'uopo delle soluzioni de lege ferenda.
Dieser Beitrag bespricht die rechtstheoretische Elaboration der Bekämpfung illegaler Migration von Flugzeugpassagieren (wobei besondere Betonung auf Staatsangehörige von Drittländern liegt), indem man auf die
Modalitäten und Rechtsfolgen der Kontrolle der Gültigkeit und Glaubwürdigkeit der Reisedokumente von Passagieren gemäß den neuesten Beschlüssen des Schengen-Besitzstandes
hinweist und die Rolle des Luftfahrtunternehmens beim Schutz der äußeren
Grenzen der EU bewertet. Es wird auf die unzureichende Regulierung der Begriffe „unzureichende Reiseunterlagen“ und „erforderliche Reisedokumente“ hingewiesen, indem man die Rechtswirkungen des Besitzens
und des Vorzeigens von unzureichenden Reiseunterlagen als berechtigten Grund für Beförderungsverweigerung gemäß der Verordnung (EG) Nr. 261/2004 und den Auslegungen der genannten
Verordnung laut Beschlüssen der Leitlinien aus dem Jahr 2016 untersucht. In diesem Zusammenhang ist es das Ziel dieses Beitrags, auf aktuelle Änderungen bezüglich des privatrechtlichen Schutzes von Passagieren gemäß den gültigen europäischen Beschlüssen und des neuesten Verfahrens vor dem Europäischen Gerichtshof
(C-584/18) hinsichtlich der Auslegungen mancher europäischen Vorschriften, welche an diese Problematik angewandt werden (Verordnung (EG) Nr. 261/2004 und Verordnung (EU) Nr. 2016/399), hinzuweisen. Abschließend werden die Verpflichtungen des Luftfahrtunternehmens, die Geldstrafen im Falle des Transports der Passagiere ohne erforderliche Reiseunterlagen zu bezahlen, analysiert. Diesbezüglich werden Lösungen de lege ferenda vorgeschlagen.
In this paper the author is making an
elaborated analysis on the topic of countering illegal migration of air passengers (with the emphasis on
third-country nationals) from a legal and theoretical standpoint, pointing out
to the methods and legal consequences of verifying the validity and
authenticity of passengers’ travel documents according to the latest provisions
of Schengen acquis and assessing the role of the air carrier in the protection
of the EU's external borders. The author is drawing attention to an insufficient legal definition of the terms “inadequate
travel documents” and “necessary travel documents” by examining the legal
effects of possession and presentation of inadequate travel documents as a
justified reason for denying boarding to passengers pursuant to the provisions
of Regulation (EU) 261/2004 and the interpretations of the provisions in
question in accordance with the Guidelines of 2016. In this context, the aim of
this paper is to point out to the current changes regarding the private legal
protection of passengers in conformity with the European legal provisions in
force, as well as to the latest proceeding before the Court of Justice of the
European Union (Case C-584/18) concerning the interpretation of certain provisions of the European regulations relevant to this issue
(Regulation (EU) 261/2004 and Regulation (EU) 2016/399). The author concludes
with the analysis of the air carriers' obligations to pay financial sanctions
(fines) in the case of carriage of passengers without the necessary travel
documents and puts forward solutions de lege ferenda.
Tematsku koncepciju rada čine pravna pitanja uloge i važnosti obveze zračnih prijevoznika na prikupljanje i prijenos podataka o putnicima (i o samom prijevozu) koji služe putnikovoj identifikaciji, a ...glede unaprjeðenja kontrole ulaska u EU. Predmetno istraživanje ujedno ima cilj izvršiti pravnu analizu pojedinih aspekata obveze zračnih prijevoznika u pogledu sustavnog prikupljanja i prenošenja brojnih osobnih podataka o putnicima radi sprečavanja, otkrivanja, istrage i kaznenog progona kaznenih djela terorizma i teških kaznenih djela. Analizirajući svrhu, doseg, kriterije i problematiku primjene postojećih pravnih rješenja na europskoj razini (Direktive 2004/82/EZ i Direktive (EU) 2016/681), autorica posebnu pozornost posvećuje razmatranju modaliteta implementacije rješenja europske pravne stečevine u hrvatski pravni poredak (Zakon o nadzoru državne granice iz 2013. godine i Zakon o prijenosu i obradi podataka o putnicima u zračnom prometu u svrhu sprječavanja, otkrivanja, istraživanja i voðenja kaznenog postupka za kaznena djela terorizma i druga teška kaznena djela iz 2018. godine). Jasno ističući bitne sadržajne razlike unutar europskih i nacionalnih pravnih rješenja, autorica naglašava važnost otvorenih pitanja necjelovito ureðene obveze zračnog prijevoznika na prenošenje API podataka o putnicima iz PNR evidencije u hrvatskom pravnom sustavu. Iznoseći prijedloge de lege ferenda autorica zagovara unificiranost u tumačenju, prenošenju i primjeni europske pravne stečevine.
Autorice u radu polaze od ishodišta rješenja o učincima nesolventnosti osiguratelja na pravni položaj oštećenih osoba u postupcima naknade štete u osiguranju od automobilske odgovornosti. Ukazujući ...na njihovu posebitost, ali i neodgovarajući obim zaštite oštećenih osoba u slučaju nesolventnosti štetnikovog osiguratelja ili njegova prestanka postojanja (s posebnim osvrtom na analizu rješenja presude Europskog suda pravde u slučaju C-409/11), autorice ukazuju na važeća rješenja novoustrojenog sustava osiguranja od građanskopravne odgovornosti u pogledu upotrebe motornih vozila i izvršenje obveze osiguranja od takve odgovornosti (prema rješenjima Direktive (EU) 2021/2118) i odgovarajuću implementaciju istih u nacionalni pravni sustav Zakonom o izmjenama i dopunama Zakona o obveznim osiguranjima u prometu iz 2023. god.
In this paper, the authors start from the origin of the provisions on the effects of the insurer's insolvency on the legal position of injured parties in compensation procedures in motor vehicle liability insurance. Pointing to their particularity, but also the inadequate scope of protection of the injured parties in case of insolvency of the injured party's insurer or the cessation of insurance (with special reference to the analysis of the judgment of the European Court of Justice in case C-409/11), the authors point to the valid provisions of the newly established insurance system of civil liability with regard to the use of motor vehicles and the enforcement of the obligation to insure against such liability (according to the provisions of Directive (EU) 2021/2118) and the corresponding implementation of these into the national legal system by the Act amending the Compulsory Traffic Insurance Act from 2023.
In this paper, the authors start from the origin of the provisions on the effects of the insurer's insolvency on the legal position of injured parties in compensation procedures in motor vehicle ...liability insurance. Pointing to their particularity, but also the inadequate scope of protection of the injured parties in case of insolvency of the injured party's insurer or the cessation of insurance (with special reference to the analysis of the judgment of the European Court of Justice in case C-409/11), the authors point to the valid provisions of the newly established insurance system of civil liability with regard to the use of motor vehicles and the enforcement of the obligation to insure against such liability (according to the provisions of Directive (EU) 2021/2118) and the corresponding implementation of these into the national legal system by the Act amending the Compulsory Traffic Insurance Act from 2023.
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