The aim of this study was determined how an addition of gold nanoparticle (AuNPs) and silver NPs (AgNPs) into culture media affects plant development and formation of oil glands in narrow-leaved ...lavender (
Lavandula angustifolia
) cv. ‘Munstead’. Plant shoots were propagated on media supplemented with 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 mg dm
−3
AuNPs or AgNPs (diameter of 24.2 ± 2.4 nm and 27.5 ± 4.8 nm). Both of NPs positively influenced the growth and development of lavender propagated in vitro. The culture media with NPs stimulated formation of shoots and increased plant weight. Roots of plants propagated on the media supplemented with NPs were usually longer than those in the control. Only high concentrations of NPs (20 and 50 mg dm
−3
) in the culture media were toxic to plants, as demonstrated by restricted shoot length and gradual decrease in the value of other morphological features. Increases in AgNPs concentration caused the number of secretory trichomes to decrease. The diameter of the trichomes on both sides of the leaf blade was larger when the plants were propagated on the media supplemented with 1 and 2 mg dm
−3
NPs. The diameter of trichomes formed on the adaxial surface of the leaf blade was greatest in the media enriched with 2 mg dm
−3
AgNPs and 5 mg dm
−3
AuNPs, and smallest in the media enriched with 5 mg dm
−3
AgNPs. The diameter of trichomes formed on the abaxial surface was largest in plants exposed to 1, 2, 5 and 10 mg dm
−3
AuNPs, 1 mg dm
−3
AgNPs, and smallest in plants exposed to 5 mg dm
−3
AgNPs.
Key message
Silver and gold nanoparticles had a significantly improved the growth and development of narrow-leaved lavender propagated in vitro. The number and size of secretory trichomes formed on the leaves of narrow-leaved lavender grown in in vitro cultures depends on the concentration of silver or gold nanoparticles in the media.
The aim of this study was to determine how the addition of gold and silver nanoparticles to culture media affects the composition of essential oils extracted from Lavandula angustifolia propagated on ...MS media with the addition of 10 and 50 mg•dm-3 of gold (24.2 ± 2.4 nm) and silver (27.5 ± 4.8 nm) nanocolloids. The oil extracted from the lavender tissues propagated on the medium with 10 mg•dm-3 AgNPs (silver nanoparticles) differed the most with respect to the control; oil-10 compounds were not found at all, and 13 others were detected which were not present in the control oil. The addition of AuNPs (gold nanoparticles) and AgNPs to the media resulted in a decrease of lower molecular weight compounds (e.g., α- and β-pinene, camphene, δ-3-carene, p-cymene, 1,8-cineole, trans-pinocarveol, camphoriborneol), which were replaced by those of a higher molecular weight (τ- and α-cadinol 9-cedranone, cadalene, α-bisabolol, cis-14-nor-muurol-5-en-4-one, (E,E)-farnesol).
The quarantine bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus (Cms) causes bacterial ring rot (BRR) in potato but is difficult to detect, hampering the diagnosis of this disease. ELISA ...immunoassays have not been widely used to detect Cms because commercially available anti-Cms antibodies detect mainly EPS-producing bacteria and can fail to detect strains that do not produce EPS. In the current study, we developed a new type of polyclonal antibody that specifically detects Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus bacteria irrespective of their EPS level. We first found that the presence of bacterial EPS precluded quantitative measurement of bacteria by currently available immunoenzymatic methods, but that washing Cms cells with acidic and basic buffers to remove EPS before analysis successfully standardized ELISA results. We used a mix of three strains of Cms with diverse EPS levels to generate antigen for production of antibodies recognizing Cms cells with and without an EPS layer (IgG-EPS and IgG-N-EPS, respectively). The resulting IgG-N-EPS recognized almost all Cms strains tested in this work regardless of their mucoidal level. The availability of this new antibody renders immunological diagnostics of Cms more sensitive and reliable, as our newly developed antibodies can be used in many type of immunoassays. This work represents an important step forward in efforts to diagnose and prevent the spread of BRR, and the methods and solutions developed in this work are covered by six Polish, one European and one US patents.
Agricultural sector plays a key role in the economy of any country due to rapidly increasing food demand. In recent years, among emerging novel trends in agriculture, multisensor systems called ...electronic nose (EN) and electronic tongue (ET) have attracted much interest because they could be considered as potential alternatives or supplements to widely used analytical methods. Thanks to their design such devices are capable of examining samples without separation and identification of individual compounds, but through generating their unique so-called fingerprints, that are further processed and encoded thanks to various chemometric methods. This paper summarizes the achievements in the field of the applications of EN and ET systems to agricultural purposes during last 15 years – it discusses implementation of these devices to soil and water analysis, detection of pest and pesticides/fungicides residues, monitoring of food storage and transport conditions, as well as diseases diagnosis.
Display omitted
•State-of-art in the field of electronic noses and electronic tongues for the agricultural purposes.•Multisensor systems for: water and soil analysis, diseases' and pests' identification, and pesticides' residues detection.•Critical aspects of multisensor systems including sampling handling systems, sensor arrays and chemometric methods.•Potential limitations, future trends and prospects of artificial olfaction/taste to cope with agricultural challenges.
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of gold and silver nanoparticles on the activity of antioxidant enzymes (ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase ...(POX), and catalase (CAT)), the free radical scavenging capacity, and the total polyphenol capacity of lavender (
Mill.) cultivar "Munstead" propagated in vitro. In the experiment, fragments of lavender plants were cultivated in vitro on medium with the addition of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 mg∙dm
of AgNPs or AuNPs (particle sizes 24.2 ± 2.4 and 27.5 ± 4.8 nm, respectively). It was found that the nanoparticles increase the activity of the antioxidant enzymes APX and SOD; however, the reaction depends on the NP concentration. The highest APX activity is found in plants propagated on media with 2 and 5 mg∙dm
of AgNPs. AuNPs significantly increase the APX activity when added to media with a concentration of 10 mg∙dm
. The highest SOD activity is recorded at 2 and 5 mg∙dm
AgNP and AuNP concentrations. The addition of higher concentrations of nanoparticles to culture media results in a decrease in the APX and SOD activity. The addition of AuNPs to culture media at concentrations from 2 to 50 mg∙dm
increases the POX activity in comparison to its activity when AgNPs are added to the culture media. No significant influence of NPs on the increase in CAT activity was demonstrated. AgNPs and AuNPs increased the free radical scavenging capacity (ABTS
). The addition of NPs at concentrations of 2 and 5 mg∙dm
increased the production of polyphenols; however, in lower concentrations it decreased their content in lavender tissues.
The aim of research was to evaluate an effect of weather conditions in the years of study considering the air temperature and precipitation as well as granulometric distribution of soil, taking into ...account the temperature and moisture content, on asymptomatic infection caused by
Clavibacter michiganensis
subsp.
sepedonicus
(Cms) in leaves and tubers. The level of infection of leaves and tubers with Cms was differentiated by the thermal and humidity conditions occurring in the years of research. The granulometric distribution of soil (soil profile) had a significant effect on the level of leaf infection. In the year 2014, with moderate temperature and humidity, the highest intensity of leaves and tubers infection was observed on soil of the highest moisture content – sandy loam. In the years with extreme weather conditions, i.e. the drought in 2015 or the abundant rainfall in 2016, the most intensive infection was observed in leaves and tubers grown on soil of low humidity – slightly loamy sand and loamy sand. The degree of infection was found to decrease with increasing air temperature and precipitation level as well as with the increase of soil moisture. On the other hand, increasing soil temperature favoured infection in tubers.
As trophic organisms, nematodes play an essential role in the soil environment: they mineralize nutrients into plant-available forms, are a food source for other soil organisms, and feed on ...pathogenic organisms and plant pests, therefore regulating populations of soil microorganisms. The plant-parasitic nematodes are important pests of crops. Nanoparticles (NP) are increasingly used in agriculture and other production sectors. They are present in the soil, not necessarily in trace amounts, and can affect various soil organisms, including nematodes. In this article, the effects of silver (Ag), gold (Au), and platinum (Pt) nanoparticles on the mortality and reproduction activity of selected nematode species from two trophic groups: entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) (
and
) and plant parasitic nematodes (PPN) (
,
,
) were studied under laboratory conditions. All nanoparticles decreased the nematode population to an extent depending on the nematode species, nanoparticle type, and exposure time. AgNP had the greatest nematicidal effect, except for AuNP, which reduced the population of
the most. The greatest sensitivity to AgNP was observed in
(100% mortality),
(90% mortality), and 37 to 13% mortality in other species. Effect of AuNP and PtNP on entomopathogenic nematodes was comparable to the control, not treated with nanoparticles. AuNP and PtNP similarly influenced nematode mortality. However, the effect of nanoparticles on new generations of entomopathogenic nematodes developing in host larvae
was inconclusive. All nanoparticles decreased the number of larvae of
and increased the number of
migrating outside the cadavers compared to the control.
Glutathione is a metabolite that plays an important role in plant response to biotic stress through its ability to remove reactive oxygen species, thereby limiting the degree of potential oxidative ...damage. It can couple changes in the intracellular redox state to the development, especially the defense responses, of plants. Several studies have focused on measuring glutathione levels in virus infected plants, but have not provided complete information. Therefore, we analyzed, for the first time, the content of glutathione as well as its ultrastructural distribution related to susceptible and hypersensitive potato–Potato virus Y NTN (PVYNTN) interaction, with an aim of providing new insight into interactive responses to PVYNTN stress. Our findings reported that the inoculation of PVYNTN caused a dynamic increase in the content of glutathione, not only in resistance but also in susceptible reaction, especially at the first steps of plant–virus interaction. Moreover, the increase in hypersensitive response was much more dynamic, and accompanied by a significant reduction in the content of PVYNTN. By contrast, in susceptible potato Irys, the content of glutathione decreased between 7 and 21 days after virus inoculation, which led to a significant increase in PVYNTN concentration. Additionally, our findings clearly indicated the steady induction of two selected potato glutathione S-transferase StGSTF1 and StGSTF2 genes after PVYNTN inoculation, regardless of the interaction type. However, the relative expression level of StGSTF1 did not significantly differ between resistant and susceptible plants, whereas the relative expression levels of StGSTF2 differed between susceptible and resistant reactions. Therefore, we proposed that StGSTF2 can act as a marker of the type of response to PVYNTN. Our observations indicated that glutathione is an important component of signaling as well as the regulatory network in the PVYNTN–potato pathosystem. In resistance responses to PVYNTN, this metabolite activates plant defenses by reducing potential damage to the host plant cell, causing a reduction in virus concentration, while it can also be involved in the development of PVYNTN elicited symptoms, as well as limiting oxidative stress, leading to systemic infection in susceptible potato plants.
The concentrations of the bioactive compounds in potato tubers are determined by both genetic potential and environmental factors. The purpose of the experiment was to determine the influence of ...organic and integrated production on the expression of the genetic potential with respect to the antioxidant properties of potato tubers and to evaluate its stability under different environmental conditions. This phenotyping was performed on seven new breeding lines (tetraploid clones) and three modern cultivars: Jelly, Satina and Tajfun. The results indicated that production system and location significantly influenced the antioxidant capacity measured by FRAP method. Organic farming and the location Chwałowice were characterized by higher values. Furthermore, anitioxidative capacity measured by FRAP method was correlated with chlorogenic acid content (r = 0.590**) and glutathione fractions, especially with the reduced form (GSH, r = 0.692**). Multidimensional comparative analysis (MCA) proved a better development of antioxidant properties of potato tubers in the organic cultivation system when compared with the integrated. Especially favorable were growing conditions at Boguchwała (organic) and worst at Młochów (integrated). From all investigated varieties, the best antioxidant properties were found in 'Satina' and 'Jelly'. Clones TG-97-403 and 13-VIII-45 developed the weakest health promoting traits.
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