Electroconductive hydrogels have been applied in implantable bioelectronics, tissue engineering platforms, soft actuators, and other emerging technologies. However, achieving high conductivity and ...mechanical robustness remains challenging. Here we report an approach to fabricating electroconductive hydrogels based on the hybrid assembly of polymeric nanofiber networks. In these hydrogels, conducting polymers self-organize into highly connected three dimensional nanostructures with an ultralow threshold (~1 wt%) for electrical percolation, assisted by templating effects from aramid nanofibers, to achieve high electronic conductivity and structural robustness without sacrificing porosity or water content. We show that a hydrogel composed of polypyrrole, aramid nanofibers and polyvinyl alcohol achieves conductivity of ~80 S cm
, mechanical strength of ~9.4 MPa and stretchability of ~36%. We show that patterned conductive nanofiber hydrogels can be used as electrodes and interconnects with favorable electrochemical impedance and charge injection capacity for electrophysiological applications. In addition, we demonstrate that cardiomyocytes cultured on soft and conductive nanofiber hydrogel substrates exhibit spontaneous and synchronous beating, suggesting opportunities for the development of advanced implantable devices and tissue engineering technologies.
Non-invasive droplet manipulation with no physical damage to the sample is important for the practical value of manipulation tools in multidisciplinary applications from biochemical analysis and ...diagnostics to cell engineering. It is a challenge to achieve this for most existing photothermal, electric stimuli, and magnetic field-based technologies. Herein, we present a droplet handling toolbox, the ferrofluid transporter, for non-invasive droplet manipulation in an oil environment. It involves the transport of droplets with high robustness and efficiency owing to low interfacial friction. This capability caters to various scenarios including droplets with varying components and solid cargo. Moreover, we fabricated a droplet array by transporter positioning and achieved droplet gating and sorting for complex manipulation in the droplet array. Benefiting from the ease of scale-up and high biocompatibility, the transporter-based droplet array can serve as a digital microfluidic platform for on-chip droplet-based bioanalysis, cell spheroid culture, and downstream drug screening tests.
The patch-based delivery system has been a promising therapeutic approach for treating various vascular diseases. However, conventional methods face several challenges, including labor-intensive and ...time-consuming processes associated with patch fabrication or factor incorporation, inadequate physical properties, and uncontrolled release of factors. These limitations restrict the potential applications in clinical settings. To overcome these issues, we propose a novel core–shell-shaped droplet patch system called an angiogenic patch (AP). Our system offers several distinct advantages over conventional patches. It enables a rapid and straightforward fabrication process utilizing only two biodegradable ingredients alginate and ε-poly(l-lysine), ensuring minimal toxicity. Moreover, the AP exhibits excellent physical integrity to match and withstand physiological mechanics and allows for customizable patch dimensions tailored to individual patients’ pathological conditions. Notably, the AP enables facile loading of angiogenic cytokines during patch fabrication, allowing sustained release at a controlled rate through tunable network cross-linking. Subsequently, the AP, delivering a precisely formulated cocktail of angiogenic cytokines (VEGF, bFGF, EGF, and IGF), demonstrated significant effects on endothelial cell functions (migration and tubule formation) and survival under pathological conditions simulating ischemic injury. Likewise, in in vivo experiments using a mouse model of hindlimb ischemia, the AP encapsulating the angiogenic cocktail effectively restored blood flow following an ischemic insult, promoting muscle regeneration and preventing limb loss. With its simplicity and rapid processability, user-friendly applicability, physical tunability, and the ability to efficiently load and control the delivery of angiogenic factors, the AP holds great promise as a therapeutic means for treating patients with ischemic diseases.
