Salivary gland carcinomas (SGCs) can be classified into more than 20 subtypes with various clinical behaviors. The present study aimed to analyze the clinical and pathological features of SGCs and ...evaluate their long-term prognosis.
A retrospective cohort study was performed. This study investigated cases of histologically confirmed SGC at the authors' institution from January 1963 to December 2014. Data on sex, age, site, histopathological diagnosis, tumor-node-metastasis classification, postoperative radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy, local and regional recurrence, and distant metastasis (DM) were collected as covariates. The overall survival (OS) rate was analyzed as the outcome. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox multivariate analysis were used for survival analysis. The cohort was divided into 2 groups—before and after 1989. The clinicopathological characteristics of the 2 groups were compared using the χ2 test.
The cohort included 1,637 patients who met the admission criteria and had a male-to-female ratio of 0.9:1. The median age was 47 years (range, 8 months to 86 years). The median follow-up time was 54 months (range, 1–432 months). The majority of the tumors occurred in the parotid gland (35.3%), followed by the palate gland (25.2%). Adenoid cystic carcinoma was the most common tumor type (34.3%), and mucoepidermoid carcinoma (29%) was the second most common type. In the 1,637 patients, the neck lymph node metastasis rate was 8.7% at the first surgery, and the overall DM rate was 14.1%. The 5-, 10-, and 15-year OS rates of the 1,637 cases were 93.1%, 87.2%, and 79.3%, respectively. Comparative analysis before and after 1989 showed statistically significant differences in sex, site, histologic subtype, T classification, local and regional recurrence rate, and radiotherapy (P < .05), while no significant differences were found in age, N classification, M staging, DM, or chemotherapy.
The OS rates of SGC have improved significantly over the past 30 years. This is attributable to an increase in the proportion of patients diagnosed at the early stage and receiving radiotherapy, as this has led to a reduction in the local and regional recurrence rate and, consequently, an improvement in the survival rates.
Prussian blue (PB) mesocrystals with Na as the alkaline metal were synthesized and used as cathode materials in Na-ion batteries. The mesocrystalline structure endowed PB with very different phase ...change behavior and electrochemical performance in contrast to PB single-crystals in cyclic voltammograms and galvanostatic discharge/charge voltage profiles of PB/Na half-cells.
Inspired by the micro-wavy interface of high-strength and high-toughness biological tissues, this study conducted laser cladding on 1045 steel substrates with isosceles trapezoidal grooved-textures ...by using Fe-based powder. The results showed that the cladding layer exhibited a satisfactory metallurgical bond with the substrate. When the loading direction was parallel to the grooves, the maximum impact energy was 23 J at a groove depth of 0.9 mm; when the loading direction was perpendicular to the grooves, the maximum impact energy reached 26 J at a groove depth of 0.6 mm. The ultimate tensile strength also increased because of the presence of groove texture. The coordinate deformation ability of the substrate-clad layer structure, interface stress concentration, and microscopic defects competed, resulting in the complex tendencies of the toughness and strength of the specimen with an increase in groove depth. When the groove depth was 0.6 mm, the actual depth of the texture groove was equivalent to the preset effective thickness of the upper cladding layer. Within the parameter range of this study, the optimal comprehensive performance of the specimen with groove depth of 0.6 mm was realized.
•The hard yet tough thick coatings based on interface texture are obtained.•The properties of the coatings varied with the depth of the groove are evaluated.•The deformation coordination ability of samples is analyzed by numerical simulation.•Mechanism on how grooved-texture affects properties of coatings is discussed.
Objective
Publications on hidden blood loss (HBL) after posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) for lumbar spine stenosis syndrome (LSS) have been reported, but the modified HBL (mHBL) was different ...from HBL obtained by classical formula and there are few studies on lumbar spine hemorrhage with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Therefore, the aim of our study is to respectively evaluate the importance of hidden blood loss (HBL) and modified HBL (mHBL) after posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) in patients diagnosed with LSS and RA, to explore the correlation between RA activity and HBL as well as mHBL.
Methods
A total of 61 patients (nine males and 52 females) diagnosed with LSS and RA who underwent PLIF were included. Data contained demographics, RA‐related parameters such as duration of RA, Steinbrocker classification (used to evaluated RA activity), the disease‐modifying anti‐rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), osteoporosis and total knee arthroplasty; operation and hemorrhage parameters. Then HBL and mHBL were calculated by Gross formula and modified formula, respectively. Subgroup analysis on HBL and mHBL was performed based on gender, age (≤60 years and ˃60 years), different number of surgical segments (single segment, double segment, and ≥3 segments), and taking DMARDs or not. ANOVA analysis was performed on HBL and mHBL in different surgery segment number and Steinbrocker classification of RA. Independent sample t‐test was used in comparison of gender and age, as well as in comparison between HBL and mHBL based on whether the patient took DMARDs or not. Furthermore, paired t‐test was used to compare the volume between HBL and mHBL.
Results
The mean age and duration of RA was 65.2 ± 9.3 years and 14.3 ± 10.7 years, respectively. There were 13 grade I cases, 34 grade II cases, and 14 grade III cases as assessed by Steinbrocker classification and the most common anti‐RA drugs were DMARDs (57.4%). The mean intraoperative bleeding, drainage, and blood loss in drainage (DBL) was 453.3 ± 377.8 mL, 489.1 ± 253.8 mL, and 304.6 ± 156.3 mL, respectively. There was no difference on HBL and mHBL in gender. HBL and mHBL was larger in patients over 60 years (P = 0.040 and P = 0.023). There were differences in intraoperative blood loss, drainage, and DBL based on different number of segments but not in HBL and mHBL, or on Steinbrocker classification. DBL was lower in DMARDs group than non‐drugged group (P = 0.03), while HBL and mHBL were both of no significance. The comparison of HBL and mHBL showed statistical difference (P < 0.001), suggesting that mHBL volume is larger than HBL.
Conclusions
Patients diagnosed as LSS with RA have amounts of HBL or mHBL after PLIF. HBL or mHBL is not associated with RA activity, which may not increase in RA patients compared with common ones. Taking DMARDs may reduce postoperative DBL. The fact that mHBL is larger than HBL provides an all‐round basis for measuring factual HBL.
1. No statistical difference both in HBL and mHBL according to Steinbroker classification of three groups, which proposed no correlation between RA activity and HBL or mHBL. 2. DBL was of statistical difference (P = 0.03) between DMARDs‐taking group and non‐drug group with the mean volume of 415.8 and 261.8 mL, respectively, but yield no difference of HBL and mHBL between the two groups.
To assess the prevalence and molecular characteristics of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in grazing adult sheep from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, ...318 fecal samples were collected and screened for the presence of these parasites by polymerase chain reaction. The overall infection rate for the three pathogens was 13.5% (43/318), with observed individual infection rates of 0.9% (3/318), 7.5% (24/318), and 6.3% (20/318) for Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, and E. bieneusi, respectively. Three Cryptosporidium species were identified amongst the samples, including C. xiaoi (n = 1), C. ubiquitum (n = 1), and C. parvum (n = 1), with gp60-based subtyping analysis identifying C. parvum as subtype IIdA15G1 and C. ubiquitum as subtype XIIa. Eight E. bieneusi genotypes were identified based on internal transcribed spacer region sequencing, including six known (BEB6, CHG1, CHG3, CHS3, CHS8, and COS-I) and two novel (designated XJS1 and XJS2) genotypes. All G. duodenalis-positive samples were identified as assemblage E based on small subunit rRNA (n = 24) and gdh (n = 10) gene sequence analysis. These data support the occurrence of host adaptation by Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, and E. bieneusi in sheep, and the zoonotic risk may posed by these parasites in Xinjiang, China.
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•Sheep have played a role in the spread of C. parvum and C. ubiquitum in Xinjiang, China•Identified Eight E. bieneusi genotypes that belonged to cattle host-specific Group 2.•All the G. duodenalis-positive specimens belonged to assemblage E.•Two novel E. bieneusi genotypes were named as XJS1 and XJS2.
As a significant pest of rice the white-backed planthopper (WBPH) Sogatella furcifera is a focus of pest management. However, traditional chemical-based control methods risk the development of ...pesticide resistance as well as severe ecological repercussions. Although nanoparticle-encapsulated dsRNAs provide a promising alternative method for sustainable pest management, gene targets specific to WBPH have yet to be optimized. Genes in the tyrosine-melanin pathway impact epidermal melanization and sclerotization, two processes essential for insect development and metabolism, have been proposed as good candidate targets for pest management. Seven genes (aaNAT, black, DDC, ebony, tan, TH, and yellow-y) in this group were identified from WBPH genome and functionally characterized by using RNAi for their impact on WBPH body color, development, and mortality. Knockdown of SfDDC, Sfblack, SfaaNAT, and Sftan caused cuticles to turn black, whereas Sfyellow-y and Sfebony knockdown resulted in yellow coloration. SfTH knockdown resulted in pale-colored bodies and high mortality. Additionally, an Escherichia coli expression system for large-scale dsRNA production was coupled with star polycation nanoparticles to develop a sprayable RNAi method targeting SfTH that induced high WBPH mortality rates on rice seedlings. These findings lay the groundwork for the development of large-scale dsRNA nanoparticle sprays as a WBPH control method.
Persistent inflammation disrupts functional recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) activation promotes functional recovery in SCI rats by ...inhibiting inflammatory cascades and increasing neuronal survival. We sought to clarify the relationship between PPAR-γ activation and NACHT, LRR and PYD domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome suppression, and the role of NF-κB in activating the NLRP3 inflammasome in neurons. In SCI rats, we found that rosiglitazone (PPAR-γ agonist) inhibited the expression of caspase-1. In in vitro neurons, G3335 (PPAR-γ antagonist) reversed the rosiglitazone-induced inhibition of caspase-1, interleukin 1 (IL-1β), and interleukin 6 (IL-6). Rosiglitazone inhibited the expression of NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-6. However, the activator of NLRP3 could counteract this inhibition induced by PPAR-γ activation. NF-κB did not participate in the process of rosiglitazone-induced inhibition of NLRP3. Consistent with our in vitro results, we verified that locomotor recovery of SCI rats in vivo was regulated via PPAR-γ, NLRP3, and NF-κB. These results suggest that PPAR-γ activation exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by suppressing the NLRP3 inflammasome—but not NF-κB—in neurons and that PPAR-γ activation is a promising therapeutic target for SCI.
Undescribed phloroglucinol derivatives, rhotomensones A-G, and a known derivative rhodomyrtosone B, were isolated from the leaves of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa. Rhotomensones A-D and G have unreported ...structural characteristics, in which rhotomensone A substitutes a benzene ring, rhotomensones B-D are bonded with a 2-methylbutanoyl group, and rhotomensone G has two fewer carbons. The structures of these compounds were determined by NMR spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase of rhotomensones E and F were evaluated in vitro, with IC50 values of 0.50 ± 0.14 mg/mL and 0.07 ± 0.02 mg/mL. Moreover, rhodomyrtosone B showed significant antibacterial activity against some bacteria, with MIC values ranging from 0.50 to 16.00 μg/mL.
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•Seven undescribed phloroglucinol derivatives were found.•Rhotomensones E and F exhibited modest inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase.•Rhodomyrtosone B showed significant antibacterial effect.•The possible inhibition mechanism of active compounds on α-glucosidase was discussed.
Blastocystis is a gastrointestinal protozoan parasite commonly reported in humans and animals globally, including poultry, and it can cause zoonotic transmission of blastocystosis. However, ...comprehensive information is not available on the prevalence, subtype distribution and zoonotic potential of Blastocystis in chickens in China. In this study, a total of 1,000 individual fecal samples of free-range broiler chickens of 4 breeds were collected from 43 farms in 5 cities of Guangdong Province and investigated for the occurrence of Blastocystis infection. Blastocystis was determined by nested PCR analysis of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene. The overall prevalence was 20.1% (201/1,000) in chicken samples and 69.8% (30/43) in screened farms, and considerable variation in prevalence between farms was evident, with a range of 0 to 76.9%. Population differences of Blastocystis in broilers among sites, breeds, and ages were assessed. The highest infection rates were observed in Yangjiang city (35.8%, 38/106), Sanhuang chickens (29.7%, 104/350), and the >80-day-old chicken group (30.5%, 40/131). DNA sequencing and phylogeny analyses identified 2 zoonotic subtypes, ST6 and ST7. A large predominance was observed for ST7, and genetic polymorphisms were confirmed at the intra-ST7 level with the identification of 5 divergent ST7 types. The incidence of both STs varied largely based on the breed, site, farm, and age. This is the first large-scale study to explore the prevalence and genetic characteristics of Blastocystis in chickens in China. The widespread distribution and avian adaptation of both zoonotic subtypes were demonstrated. The findings of this study highlight a potential threat to humans and will provide a better understanding of the epidemiology and public health impact of poultry Blastocystis.
Cryptosporidium
spp. are diarrheagenic intestinal parasites with multiple hosts worldwide. A total of 1252 fresh fecal samples of sheep were collected from 10 large-scale farms in southern Xinjiang. ...Based on the small subunit ribosomal (
SSU
rRNA) gene of
Cryptosporidium
, 100
Cryptosporidium
-positive samples (8.0%, 100/1252) were detected by PCR. Nine out of 10 farms were positive for
Cryptosporidium
, with the highest infection rate being 18.4% (23/125) on farm 9 in Qira. The infection rates of
Cryptosporidium
in pre-weaned lambs, weaned lambs, fattening sheep, and adult sheep were 20.3% (61/301), 10.3% (34/329), 0.9% (3/327), and 0.7% (2/295), respectively. Three
Cryptosporidium
species were identified, namely,
C. xiaoi
(
n
= 61),
C. parvum
(
n
= 22), and
C. ubiquitum
(
n
= 17). Of them,
C. xiaoi
was detected on all positive farms and in different age groups of sheep. The subtypes of
C. parvum
and
C. ubiquitum
were identified by PCR at the 60 kDa glycoprotein (
gp60
) gene. Two
C. parvum
subtypes were identified: IIdA19G1 (
n
= 21) and IIdA15G1 (
n
= 1). One
C. ubiquitum
subtype was identified with XIIa (
n
= 17). These results indicated the common transmission and genetic diversity of
Cryptosporidium
in sheep in southern Xinjiang, and further investigations are needed on the zoonotic potential of
C. parvum
and
C. ubiquitum
in this region.
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