In the field of plasma diagnosis, the measurement of the distribution function is significant because the distribution function is the basis for the use of plasma kinetic theory and it is the ...prerequisite for analyzing many physical phenomena, such as Landau damping (wave-particle resonance phenomenon) and ion sheath. Theoretical analysis and a large number of experiments have proved that plasma components do not obey Boltzmann–Gibbs statistics and can be well described by nonextensive statistical mechanics. The field of nonextensive electric probe has also made great progress, and the invention of the nonextensive single electric probes has developed and strengthened the power of plasma diagnostics. The nonextensive electric probe can not only measure the electron nonextensive parameter of plasma that cannot be measured by traditional probes but can also measure more accurate plasma parameters that can also be measured by traditional probes, such as Te, Φp, ne, Φf, and αqFe. However, diagnosing the plasma distribution function by the nonextensive electric probe has not been thoroughly and systematically analyzed and discussed. Here, we show the measurement of the plasma distribution function with a nonextensive single electric probe. This work expands the diagnostic capabilities of the nonextensive single electric probe. We utilize the nonextensive single electric probe theory to analyze the experimental data points of the I–V curve, measure the plasma electron distribution function fvx, and display the distribution curve (figure f-vx), and we also measure the plasma parameters of qFe, Te, Φp, ne, Φf, αqFe, etc. The proposed method provides a new approach to the diagnosis of the plasma distribution function and contributes to a more accurate and comprehensive grasp of plasma, which creates better conditions for us to take advantage of plasma. These initial results illustrate the potential of the nonextensive electric probe in the field of plasma diagnosis and, more generally, in accelerating the progress of fusion-energy science and helping to understand complex physical systems.
Theoretical analysis and a large number of experiments have proved that plasma components do not satisfy Boltzmann–Gibbs statistics and can be well described by nonextensive statistical mechanics, ...while sheath potential coefficients in plasma with nonextensive distribution are not investigated deeply and comprehensively. Here, we investigate the ion sheath formed around a nonextensive single electric probe in plasma described by nonextensive statistical mechanics, and find that the sheath potential coefficient is related to the electron nonextensive parameter, besides the extensive limit the results return to the case of the Boltzmann–Gibbs statistical framework. The sheath potential coefficient presents different dependences on the electron nonextensive parameters in different regions. We also have calculated the corresponding method error and evaluated with a set of real experiment data, and found that the error is as high as 83.91% indicating that the effect of nonextensive parameters should be considered in the actual measurement.
Using lipids (N‐acyl amino acids) and 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane as structure‐ and co‐structure‐directing agents, mesoporous silicas with four different morphologies, that is, helical ribbon (HR), ...hollow sphere, circular disk, and helical hexagonal rod, were synthesized just by changing the synthesis temperature from 0 °C to 10, 15, or 20 °C. The structures were studied by electron microscopy. It was found that 1) the structures have double‐layer disordered mesopores in the HR, radially oriented mesopores in the hollow sphere, and highly ordered straight and chiral 2D‐hexagonal mesopores in the disklike structure and helical rod, respectively; 2) these four types of mesoporous silica were transformed from the flat bilayered lipid ribbon with a chain‐interdigitated layer phase through a solid–solid transformation for HR formation and a dissolving procedure transformation for the synthesis of the hollow sphere, circular disk, and twisted morphologies; 3) the mesoporous silica helical ribbon was exclusively right‐handed and the 2D‐hexagonal chiral mesoporous silica was excessively left‐handed when the L‐form N‐acyl amino acid was used as the lipid template; 4) the HR was formed only by the chiral lipid molecules, whereas the 2D‐hexagonal chiral mesoporous silicas were formed by chiral, achiral, and racemic lipids. Our findings give important information for the understanding of the formation of chiral materials at the molecular level and will facilitate a more efficient and systematic approach to the generation of rationalized chiral libraries.
A cool twist and a hotter rod: By using lipids (N‐acyl amino acids) and 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane as structure‐ and co‐structure‐directing agents, mesoporous silicas with four different morphologies, that is, helical ribbon, hollow sphere, circular disk, and helical hexagonal rod (see images), were synthesized by just changing the synthesis temperature from 0 °C to 10, 15, or 20 °C, respectively.
Hierarchical self‐assembly of small molecules into supramolecular structures across various length scales is of prominent importance to deeply understand and mimic the biological systems. Here, ...chiral nanoribbons that assembled from chiral phenylalanine and achiral coumarin derivatives can curve and grow into higher ordered hollow microstructures, which exhibit enhanced acid and alkali resistance. This is predominantly facilitated by the subtle hydrogen bonding interactions and specific steric hindrance between the two molecules. With the addition of metal ions and consequently, the extra association via coordination, these nanoribbons can wrap in a more condensed fashion and eventually form solid microstructures. This study provides implications in understanding the hierarchically biological self‐assembly process and is helpful for the construction of advanced artificial biomedical materials.
Chiral nanoribbons co‐assembled from chiral phenylalanine and achiral coumarin derivatives can fold and wrap into higher ordered donut‐like microstructures with enhanced acid and alkali resistance through hydrogen bonding interactions and steric hindrance. These nanoribbons can further wrap in a more condensed fashion and eventually form solid microstructures by incorporating metal ions into the co‐assembly.
To elucidate the factors and mechanisms that control the chiral mesoporous silica (CMS) formation, we employed a series of chiral amphiphilic molecules derived from nine different amino acids as ...templates and quantitatively investigated the effects of the substituent attached to the chiral center of amino acid upon CMS synthesis at various temperatures. The enantiomeric excess (ee) of the CMS obtained was a critical function of both the substituent's steric bulk and the temperature, and eventually exceeded 90% ee by performing the CMS synthesis at 288 K in the presence of amphiphilic N-palmitoyl-Phe or Met. The temperature dependence study of the product's ee not only gave the high ee's but also enabled us to determine the differential enthalpy (ΔΔH) and entropy (ΔΔS) changes for antipodal CMS formation, which simultaneously increased with increasing steric bulk of the amino acid's substituent, indicating their critical roles in determining the CMS's enantiopurity. The present results also indicate that the CMS synthesis is a convenient tool for taking a snapshot of an average image of the dynamically fluctuating supramolecular aggregates with quantitative information (ee).
Conducting polymer nanofibers with controllable chiral mesopores in the size, the shape, and handedness have been synthesized by chiral lipid ribbon templating and “seeding” route. Chiral mesoporous ...conducting poly(pyrrole) (CMPP) synthesized with very small amount of chiral amphiphilic molecules (usually < 3%) has helically twisted channels with well‐defined controllable pore size of 5–20 nm in central axis of the twisted fibers. The structure and chirality of helical mesopores have been characterized by high‐resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electron tomography. The average pore diameters of chiral mesopores were approximately estimated from the N2 adsorption–desorption data and calculated by the conversion calculation from helical ribbons to a rectangular straight tape. The pore size of CMPP has been controlled by choosing different alkyl chain lengths of chiral lipid molecules or precisely adjusting the H2O/EtOH volume ratio.
Conducting polymer nanofibers with controllable chiral mesopores in the size, the shape, and handedness have been synthesized by chiral lipid ribbon templating and “seeding” route. The structure and chirality of helical ribbon‐pores have been reconstructed by electron tomography.
Chiral mesoporous silica (CMS) with highly ordered helical nano-sized channels was synthesized by using chiral anionic amphiphilic molecules (
N-acyl-
l-alanine) as template upon a ...co-structural-directing-agent (CSDA) method. Synthetic conditions, such as ionization degree of the surfactant, CSDA/surfactant molar ratio, reaction temperature, the carbon chain length, and the type of base that affect the mesostructure and morphology of the CMSs have been extensively studied. It was found that: (i) in the synthesis-space diagram of mesophases, the CMS mesostrucrue locates within the area of two dimensional (2D) hexagonal which is a neighbor of lamellar and bicontinuous
Ia
3
¯
d
mesostructures; (ii) the generation of CMS demands very rigorous micellar curvature which was mainly controlled by the ionization degree of the surfactant controlled by acid addition amount, CSDA/surfactant molar ratio and the carbon chain length; (iii) the CMS can be synthesized in a wide reaction temperature range of 25–100
°C; and (iv) the pore diameter of the CMS was decreased with decreasing size of the counterion.
The creation of inclusion complexes with “Saturn-like” geometries has attracted increasing attention for supramolecular systems, but expansion of the concept to nanoscale colloidal systems remains a ...challenge. Here, we report a strategy to assemble toroidal polyisoprene-b-poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PI-b-P2VP) block copolymer micelles with a PI core and a P2VP corona and inorganic (e.g., silica) nanoparticles of variable shape and dimensions into “Saturn-like” constructs with high fidelity and yield. The precise nesting of the nanoparticles between the toroidal building units is realized by virtue of hydrogen bonding and self-adaptive expansion of the flexible toroidal units enabled by a flexible, low T g PI core. Once the toroidal units are cross-linked, the self-adaptive feature is lost and coassembly yields instead out-of-cavity bound nanoparticles. “Saturn-like” assemblies can also be formed along silica nanosphere-decorated cylindrical micelles or, alternatively, at the hydroxyl-functionalized termini of cylindrical micelles to yield colloidal 3rotaxanes.
Molecular Engineering of Colloidal Atoms Cui, Yan; Wang, Jingchun; Liang, Juncong ...
Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany),
05/2023, Letnik:
19, Številka:
20
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Creation of architectures with exquisite hierarchies actuates the germination of revolutionized functions and applications across a wide range of fields. Hierarchical self‐assembly of colloidal ...particles holds the promise for materialized realization of structural programing and customizing. This review outlines the general approaches to organize atom‐like micro‐ and nanoparticles into prescribed colloidal analogs of molecules by exploiting diverse interparticle driving motifs involving confining templates, interactive surface ligands, and flexible shape/surface anisotropy. Furthermore, the self‐regulated/adaptive co‐assembly of simple unvarnished building blocks is discussed to inspire new designs of colloidal assembly strategies.
Colloidal assembly is increasingly playing an indispensable role in building hierarchical architectures with synergistic functionalities. This review outlines the general strategies to organize atom‐like micro‐ and nanoparticles into predetermined colloidal analogs of molecules under the guidance of confining templates, interactive surface ligands, flexible shape/surface anisotropy, and self‐regulation/adaptation.
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