Key Message
A novel and major QTL for the effective tiller number was identified on chromosomal arm 1BL and validated in two genetic backgrounds
The effective tiller number (ETN) substantially ...influences plant architecture and the wheat yield improvement. In this study, we constructed a genetic map of the 2SY (20828/SY95-71) recombinant inbred line population based on the Wheat 55K array as well as the simple sequence repeat (SSR) and Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) markers. A comparison between the genetic and physical maps indicated the marker positions were consistent in the two maps. Additionally, we identified seven tillering-related quantitative trait locus (QTLs), including
Qetn-sau-1B.1
, which is a major QTL localized to a 6.17-cM interval flanked by markers
AX-89635557
and
AX-111544678
on chromosome 1BL. The
Qetn-sau-1B.1
QTL was detected in eight environments and explained 12.12–55.71% of the phenotypic variance. Three genes associated with the ETN were detected in the physical interval of
Qetn-sau-1B.1
. We used a tightly linked KASP marker,
KASP-AX-110129912
, to further validate this QTL in two other populations with different genetic backgrounds. The results indicated that
Qetn-sau-1B.1
significantly increased the ETN by up to 23.5%. The results of this study will be useful for the precise mapping and cloning of
Qetn-sau-1B.1
.
Kernel size (KS) and kernel weight play a key role in wheat yield. Phenotypic data from six environments and a Wheat55K single-nucleotide polymorphism array–based constructed genetic linkage map from ...a recombinant inbred line population derived from the cross between the wheat line 20828 and the line SY95-71 were used to identify quantitative trait locus (QTL) for kernel length (KL), kernel width (KW), kernel thickness (KT), thousand-kernel weight (TKW), kernel length–width ratio (LWR), KS, and factor form density (FFD). The results showed that 65 QTLs associated with kernel traits were detected, of which the major QTLs
QKL.sicau-2SY-1B
,
QKW.sicau-2SY-6D
,
QKT.sicau-2SY-2D
, and
QTKW.sicau-2SY-2D
,
QLWR.sicau-2SY-6D
,
QKS.sicau-2SY-1B
/
2D
/
6D
, and
QFFD.sicau-2SY-2D
controlling KL, KW, KT, TKW, LWR, KS, and FFD, and identified in multiple environments, respectively. They were located on chromosomes 1BL, 2DL, and 6DS and formed three QTL clusters. Comparison of genetic and physical interval suggested that only
QKL.sicau-2SY-1B
located on chromosome 1BL was likely a novel QTL. A Kompetitive Allele Specific Polymerase chain reaction (KASP) marker,
KASP-AX-109379070
, closely linked to this novel QTL was developed and used to successfully confirm its effect in two different genetic populations and three variety panels consisting of 272 Chinese wheat landraces, 300 Chinese wheat cultivars most from the Yellow and Huai River Valley wheat region, and 165 Sichuan wheat cultivars. The relationships between kernel traits and other agronomic traits were detected and discussed. A few predicted genes involved in regulation of kernel growth and development were identified in the intervals of these identified major QTL. Taken together, these stable and major QTLs provide valuable information for understanding the genetic composition of kernel yield and provide the basis for molecular marker–assisted breeding.
Barley shrunken endosperm mutants have been extensively reported. However, knowledge of the underlying molecular mechanisms of these mutants remains limited. Here, a pair of near isogenic lines ...(normal endosperm: Bowman and shrunken endosperm:
sex1
) was subjected to transcriptome analysis to identify mRNAs and lncRNAs related to endosperm development to further dissect its mechanism of molecular regulation. A total of 2123 (1140 up- and 983 down-regulated) unique differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected. Functional analyses showed that these DEGs were mainly involved in starch and sucrose metabolism, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and plant hormone signal transduction. A total of 343 unique target genes were identified for 57 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DE lncRNAs). These DE lncRNAs were mainly involved in glycerophospholipid metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, hormone signal transduction, and stress response. In addition, key lncRNAs were identified by constructing a co-expression network of the target genes of DE lncRNAs. Transcriptome results suggested that mRNA and lncRNA played a critical role in endosperm development. The shrunken endosperm in barley seems to be closely related to plant hormone signal transduction, starch and sucrose metabolism, and cell apoptosis. This study provides a foundation for fine mapping, elucidates the molecular mechanism of shrunken endosperm mutants, and also provides a reference for further studies of lncRNAs during the grain development of plants.
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•We have reported an efficient synthesis of new steroid derivatives.•The method has the advantages of high yield and simple procedures.•The three-step method is generally suitable for ...other ginsenosides.•These steroid derivatives exhibit good pharmacological activity.•The reaction can greatly enhance their anti-proliferative activity.
β-d-Glucopyranoside,(3β,12β,20E)-12,25-dihydroxydammar-20(22)-en-3-yl (pseudo-ginsenoside Rh2) and its 20Z-isomer were synthesized from ginsenoside Rh2 under a mild condition, via a simple three-step called acetylation, elimination–addition and saponification. In addition, their activities were evaluated by eight different human tumor cells, compared with ginsenoside Rh2 group. Results indicated that the reaction in the side chain might greatly enhance the anti-proliferative activity of ginsenosides.
Key message
A co-located KL and TKW-related QTL with no negative effect on PH and AD was rapidly identified using BSA and wheat 660 K SNP array. Its effect was validated in a panel of 218 wheat ...accessions.
Kernel length (KL) and thousand-kernel weight (TKW) of wheat (
Triticum aestivum
L.) contribute significantly to kernel yield. In the present study, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from the cross between the wheat line S849-8 with larger kernels and more spikelets per spike and the line SY95-71 was developed. Further, of both the bulked segregant analysis (BSA) and the wheat 660 K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array were used to rapidly identify genomic regions for kernel-related traits from this RIL population. Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR markers were further developed in the SNP-enriched region on the 2D chromosome to construct a genetic map. Both
QKL.sicau-SSY-2D
for KL and
QTKW.sicau-SSY-2D
for TKW were identified at multiple environments on chromosome arm 2DL. These two QTLs explained 9.68–23.02% and 6.73–18.32% of the phenotypic variation, respectively. The effects of this co-located QTL were successfully verified in a natural population consisting of 218 Sichuan wheat accessions. Interestingly, the major QTL was significantly and positively correlated with spike length, but did not negatively affect spikelet number per spike (SNS), plant height, or anthesis date. These results indicated that it is possible to synchronously improve kernel weight and SNS by using this QTL. Additionally, several genes associated with kernel development and filling rate were predicted and sequenced in the QTL-containing physical intervals of reference genomes of ‘Chinese spring’ and
Aegilops tauschii
. Collectively, these results provide a QTL with great breeding potential and its linked markers which should be helpful for fine mapping and molecular breeding.
Key Message
Two major and stably expressed QTL for traits related to mature wheat embryo independent of kernel size were identified and validated in a natural population that contained 171 Sichuan ...wheat accessions and 49 Sichuan wheat landraces.
As the juvenile of a highly differentiated plant, mature wheat (
Triticum aestivum
L.) embryos are highly significant to agricultural production. To understand the genetic basis of traits related to wheat embryo size, the embryo of mature kernels in a recombination inbred line that contained 126 lines from four environments was measured. The genetic loci of embryo size, including embryo length (EL), embryo width (EW), embryo area (EA), embryo length/kernel length (EL/KL), embryo width/kernel width (EW/KW), and EL/EW, were identified based on a genetic linkage map constructed based on PCR markers and the Wheat 55 K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. A total of 50 quantitative trait loci (QTL) for traits related to wheat embryo size were detected. Among them,
QEL.sicau-2SY-4A
for EL and
QEW.sicau-2SY-7B
for EW were major and stably expressed and were genetically independent of KL and KW, respectively. Their effects were further verified in a natural population that contained 171 Sichuan wheat accessions and 49 Sichuan wheat landraces. Further analysis showed that
TraesCS4A02G343300
and
TraesCS7B02G006800
could be candidate genes for
QEL.sicau-2SY-4A
and
QEW.sicau-2SY-7B,
respectively. In addition, significant positive correlations between EL and kernel-related traits and the 1,000-grain weight were detected. Collectively, this study broadens our understanding of the genetic basis of wheat embryo size and will be helpful for the further fine-mapping of interesting loci in the future.
Topmetal-M: A novel pixel sensor for compact tracking applications Ren, Weiping; Zhou, Wei; You, Bihui ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
11/2020, Letnik:
981
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The Topmetal-M is a large area pixel sensor (18 mm × 23 mm) prototype fabricated in a new 130 nm high-resistivity CMOS process in 2019. It contains 400 rows × 512 columns square pixels with the pitch ...of 40μm. In Topmetal-M, a novel charge collection method combining the Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor (MAPS) and the Topmetal sensor has been proposed for the first time. Both the ionized charge deposited by the particle in the sensor and along the track over the sensor can be collected. The in-pixel circuit mainly consists of a low-noise charge sensitive amplifier to establish the signal for the energy reconstruction, and a discriminator with a Time-to-Amplitude Converter (TAC) for the Time of Arrival (TOA) measurement. With this mechanism, the trajectory, particle hit position, energy, and arrival time of the particle can be measured. The analog signal from each pixel is accessible through time-shared multiplexing over the entire pixel array. This paper will discuss the design and preliminary test results of the Topmetal-M sensor.
Grain shape and plumpness affect barley yield. Despite numerous studies on shrunken endosperm mutants in barley, their molecular mechanism and application potential in the food industry are largely ...unknown. Here, map-based cloning, co-segregation analyses, and allelic variant validation revealed that the loss of HORVU6Hr1G037950 encoding an ADP-glucose transporter caused the shrunken endosperm in sex1. Haplotype analysis suggested that hap4 in the promoter sequence was positively related to the hundred-grain weight showing a breeding potential. A pair of near-isogenic lines targeting HORVU6Hr1G037950 was produced and characterized to investigate molecular mechanisms that SEX1 regulates endosperm development. Results presented that the absence of the SEX1 gene led to the decrease of starch content and A-type granules size, the increase of β-glucan, protein, gelatinization temperature, soluble sugar content, amylopectin A chains, and B1 chains. Enzymatic activity, transcriptome and metabolome analyses revealed the loss of SEX1 results in an impaired ADP-glucose-to-starch conversion process, consequently leading to higher soluble sugar contents and lower starch accumulation, thereby inducing a shrunken-endosperm phenotype in sex1. Taken together, this study provides new insights into barley grain development, and the elevated protein and β-glucan contents of the whole meal in sex1 imply its promising application in the food industry.
The Topmetal-M is a large area pixel sensor (18 mm * 23 mm) prototype fabricated in a new 130 nm high-resistivity CMOS process in 2019. It contains 400 rows * 512 columns square pixels with the pitch ...of 40 {\mu}m. In Topmetal-M, a novel charge collection method combing the Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor (MAPS) and the Topmetal sensor has been proposed for the first time. Both the ionized charge deposited by the particle in the sensor and along the track over the sensor can be collected. The in-pixel circuit mainly consists of a low-noise charge sensitive amplifier to establish the signal for the energy reconstruction, and a discriminator with a Time-to-Amplitude Converter (TAC) for the Time of Arrival (TOA) measurement. With this mechanism, the trajectory, particle hit position, energy and arrival time of the particle can be measured. The analog signal from each pixel is accessible through time-shared multiplexing over the entire pixel array. This paper will discuss the design and preliminary test results of the Topmetal-M sensor.
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