The continuous development of science and technology has led to the gradual digitization and intelligence of campus construction. To apply facial recognition technology to construct smart libraries ...in higher education, this study optimizes traditional facial recognition algorithm models. Firstly, a smart management system for university libraries is designed with facial recognition as the core, and secondly, the traditional FaceNet network is optimized. Combined with MobileNet, Attention mechanism, Receptive field module and Mish activation function, the improved multitask face recognition convolutional neural network is built and used in the construction of university smart library. The performance verification of the constructed model shows that the feature matching error value of the model in a stable state is only 0.04. The recognition accuracy in the dataset is as high as 99.05%, with a recognition error as low as 0.51%. The facial recognition model used in university smart libraries can achieve 97.6% teacher satisfaction and 96.8% student satisfaction. In summary, the facial recognition model constructed by this paper has good recognition performance and can provide effective technical support for the construction of smart libraries.
Several recent studies have shown the presence of genes for the key enzyme associated with archaeal methane/alkane metabolism, methyl-coenzyme M reductase (Mcr), in metagenome-assembled genomes ...(MAGs) divergent to existing archaeal lineages. Here, we study the mcr-containing archaeal MAGs from several hot springs, which reveal further expansion in the diversity of archaeal organisms performing methane/alkane metabolism. Significantly, an MAG basal to organisms from the phylum Thaumarchaeota that contains mcr genes, but not those for ammonia oxidation or aerobic metabolism, is identified. Together, our phylogenetic analyses and ancestral state reconstructions suggest a mostly vertical evolution of mcrABG genes among methanogens and methanotrophs, along with frequent horizontal gene transfer of mcr genes between alkanotrophs. Analysis of all mcr-containing archaeal MAGs/genomes suggests a hydrothermal origin for these microorganisms based on optimal growth temperature predictions. These results also suggest methane/alkane oxidation or methanogenesis at high temperature likely existed in a common archaeal ancestor.
Microbes of the phylum Aigarchaeota are widely distributed in geothermal environments, but their physiological and ecological roles are poorly understood. Here we analyze six Aigarchaeota metagenomic ...bins from two circumneutral hot springs in Tengchong, China, to reveal that they are either strict or facultative anaerobes, and most are chemolithotrophs that can perform sulfide oxidation. Applying comparative genomics to the Thaumarchaeota and Aigarchaeota, we find that they both originated from thermal habitats, sharing 1154 genes with their common ancestor. Horizontal gene transfer played a crucial role in shaping genetic diversity of Aigarchaeota and led to functional partitioning and ecological divergence among sympatric microbes, as several key functional innovations were endowed by Bacteria, including dissimilatory sulfite reduction and possibly carbon monoxide oxidation. Our study expands our knowledge of the possible ecological roles of the Aigarchaeota and clarifies their evolutionary relationship to their sister lineage Thaumarchaeota.
Aim
There has been considerable interest in niche conservatism, the idea that ecological variables are similar among related species. Much research has focused on climatic niches of recently diverged ...species, rather than deeper timescales or non‐climatic niche axes. Furthermore, it has been suggested that conservatism disappears over deeper timescales, and is greater in alpha niche traits (like diet and microhabitat) than beta niche variables (like climate). Here, we test these latter two ideas by comparing patterns of phylogenetic conservatism among 10 niche variables across major clades of land vertebrates.
Location
Global.
Time Period
Present to 350 million years ago.
Major Taxa Studied
Tetrapods, including amphibians, mammals, lepidosaurs (including lizards and snakes), turtles, crocodilians and birds.
Methods
The 10 niche variables included four alpha niche components (diet, diel activity, habitat, body temperature) and six beta niche components (related to climatic temperature and precipitation). We analysed these variables on time‐calibrated phylogenies with similar taxon sampling (~1700 species), using phylogenetic signal (lambda) to estimate conservatism, along with the D statistic and estimates of evolutionary rates.
Results
Phylogenetic signal was generally strong across all variables, with lambda generally >0.80 (with 1.0 representing maximum signal). Nevertheless, mean phylogenetic signal was lower in beta niche traits than alpha niche traits (based on lambda and especially the D statistic), and alpha niche traits showed significantly slower rates of evolution.
Main Conclusions
We address two long‐held views in the literature on niche conservatism, rejecting one but supporting the other. We show that phylogenetic signal does not disappear over deep timescales for many important niche variables, even over 350 million years. We also generally support greater conservatism in alpha niche traits than beta niche traits over hundreds of millions of years, a pattern that was previously suggested (but not explicitly tested) based on closely related species.
Understanding rates and patterns of change in physiological and climatic-niche variables is of urgent importance as many species are increasingly threatened by rising global temperatures. Here, we ...broadly test several fundamental hypotheses about physiological and niche evolution for the first time (with appropriate phylogenetic methods), using published data from 2059 vertebrate species. Our main results show that: (i) physiological tolerances to heat evolve more slowly than those to cold, (ii) the hottest climatic-niche temperatures change more slowly than the coldest climatic-niche temperatures, and (iii) physiological tolerances to heat and cold evolve more slowly than the corresponding climatic-niche variables. Physiological tolerances are significantly and positively related to the corresponding climatic-niche variables, but species often occur in climates outside the range of these tolerances. However, mismatches between climate and physiology do not necessarily mean that the climatic-niche data are misleading. Instead, some standard physiological variables used in vertebrates (i.e. critical thermal maxima and minima) may reflect when species are active (daily, seasonally) and their local-scale microhabitats (sun versus shade), rather than their large-scale climatic distributions.
Astrocytes are crucial regulators in the central nervous system. Abnormal activation of astrocytes contributes to some behavior deficits. However, mechanisms underlying the effects remain unclear. ...Here, we studied the activation of A1 astrocytes and their contribution to murine behavior deficits.
A1 astrocytes were induced by treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro. The functional phenotype of astrocytes was determined by quantitative RT-PCR, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry. To assess the role of A1 astrocytes in vivo, mice were injected intraperitoneally with LPS. Then, murine behaviors were tested, and the hippocampus and cortex were analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry. The function of IL-10 and fluorocitrate on A1 astrocyte activation was also examined.
Our results show that astrocytes isolated from B6.129S6-Il10
/J homozygotes (IL-10
) were prone to characteristics of A1 reactive astrocytes. Compared with their wild-type counterparts, IL-10
astrocytes exhibited higher expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Whether or not they were stimulated with LPS, IL-10
astrocytes exhibited enhanced expression of A1-specific transcripts and proinflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα. In addition, IL-10
astrocytes demonstrated hyperphosphorylation of STAT3. Moreover, astrocytes from IL-10
mice showed attenuated phagocytic ability and were neurotoxic. IL-10
mice demonstrated increased immobility time in the forced swim test and defective learning and memory behavior in the Morris water maze test. Moreover, enhanced neuroinflammation was found in the hippocampus and cortex of IL-10
mice, accompanying with more GFAP-positive astrocytes and severe neuron loss in the hippocampus. Pretreatment IL-10
mice with IL-10 or fluorocitrate decreased the expression of proinflammatory factors and A1-specific transcripts in the hippocampus and cortex, and then alleviated LPS-induced depressive-like behavior.
These results demonstrate that astrocytes isolated from B6.129S6-Il10
/J homozygotes are prone to A1 phenotype and contribute to the depression-like behavior and memory deficits. Inhibiting A1 astrocyte activation may be an attractive therapeutic strategy in some neurodegenerative diseases.
Looking at the past to infer into the future Ibargüengoytía, Nora Ruth; Medina, Marlin; Laspiur, Alejandro ...
Evolution,
October 2021, Letnik:
75, Številka:
10
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The diversity of habitats generated by the Andes uplift resulted a mosaic of heterogeneous environments in South America for species to evolve a variety of ecological and physiological ...specializations. Species in the lizard family Liolaemidae occupy a myriad of habitats in the Andes. Here, we analyze the tempo and mode of evolution in the thermal biology of liolaemids. We assessed whether there is evidence of local adaptation (lability) or conservatism (stasis) in thermal traits. We tested the hypothesis that abiotic factors (e.g., geography, climate) rather than intrinsic factors (egg-laying oviparous or live-bearing viviparous, substrate affinity) explain variation in field active body temperature (Tb), preferred temperature (Tp), hours of restriction of activity, and potential hours of activity. Although most traits exhibited high phylogenetic signal, we found variation in thermal biology was shaped by geography, climate, and ecological diversity. Ancestral character reconstruction showed shifts in Tb tracked environmental change in the past ~20,000 years. Thermal preference is 3°C higher than Tb, yet exhibited a lower rate of evolution than Tb and air temperature. Viviparous Liolaemus have lower Tbs than oviparous species, whereas Tp is high for both modes of reproduction, a key difference that results in a thermal buffer for viviparous species to cope with global warming. The rapid increase in environmental temperatures expected in the next 50–80 years in combination with anthropogenic loss of habitats are projected to cause extirpations and extinctions in oviparous species.
We conducted a meta-analysis to summarize evidence from prospective cohort studies about the association of fruits and vegetables consumption with the risk of stroke.
Pertinent studies were ...identified by a search of Embase and PubMed databases to January 2014. Study-specific relative risks with 95% confidence intervals were pooled using a random-effects model. Dose-response relationship was assessed by restricted cubic spline.
Twenty prospective cohort studies were included, involving 16 981 stroke events among 760 629 participants. The multivariable relative risk (95% confidence intervals) of stroke for the highest versus lowest category of total fruits and vegetables consumption was 0.79 (0.75-0.84), and the effect was 0.77 (0.71-0.84) for fruits consumption and 0.86 (0.79-0.93) for vegetables consumption. Subgroup and meta-regression showed that the inverse association of total fruits and vegetables consumption with the risk of stroke was consistent in subgroup analysis. Citrus fruits, apples/pears, and leafy vegetables might contribute to the protection. The linear dose-response relationship showed that the risk of stroke decreased by 32% (0.68 0.56-0.82) and 11% (0.89 0.81-0.98) for every 200 g per day increment in fruits consumption (P for nonlinearity=0.77) and vegetables consumption (P for nonlinearity=0.62), respectively.
Fruits and vegetables consumption are inversely associated with the risk of stroke.
Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels, known as Dang Gui (in Chinese), is a traditional medicinal and edible plant that has long been used for tonifying, replenishing, and invigorating blood as well as ...relieving pain, lubricating the intestines, and treating female irregular menstruation and amenorrhea. A. sinensis has also been used as a health product and become increasingly popular in China, Japan, and Korea.
This paper aims to provide a systemic review of traditional uses of A. sinensis and its recent advances in the fields of phytochemistry, analytical methods and toxicology. In addition, possible trends, therapeutic potentials, and perspectives for future research of this plant are also briefly discussed.
An extensive review of the literature was conducted, and electronic databases including China National Knowledge Infrastructure, PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Reaxys were used to assemble the data. Ethnopharmacological literature and digitalised sources of academic libraries were also systematically searched. In addition, information was obtained from local books and The Plant List (TPL, www.theplantlist.org).
This study reviews the progress in chemical analysis of A. sinensis and its preparations. Previously and newly established methods, including spectroscopy, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ultra-performance liquid chromatography(UPLC), and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis (NMR), are summarized. Moreover, identified bioactive components such as polysaccharides, ligustilide and ferulic acid were reviewed, along with analytical methods for quantitative and qualitative determination of target analytes, and fingerprinting authentication, quality evaluation of A. sinensis, and toxicology and pharmacodynamic studies. Scientific reports on crude extracts and pure compounds and formulations revealed a wide range of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory activity, antifibrotic action, antispasmodic activity, antioxidant activities, and neuroprotective action, as well as cardio- and cerebrovascular effects.
Within the published scientific literature are numerous reports regarding analytical methods that use various chromatographic and spectrophotometric technologies to monitor various types of components with different physicochemical properties simultaneously. This review discusses the reasonable selection of marker compounds based on high concentrations, analytical methods, and commercial availabilities with the goal of developing quick, accurate, and applicable analytical approaches for quality evaluation and establishing harmonised criteria for the analysis of A. sinensis and its finished products. Compounds isolated from A. sinensis are abundant sources of chemical diversity, from which we can discover active molecules. Thus, more studies on the pharmacological mechanisms of the predominant active compounds of A. sinensis are needed. In addition, given that A. sinensis is one of the most popular traditional herbal medicines, its main therapeutic aspects, toxicity, and adverse effects warrant further investigation in the future.
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•A nanoparticles-in-microparticles system was fabricated by electrospray technology for curcumin colon-targeting oral delivery in ulcerative colitis treatment.•Encapsulation in ...hydrogel microparticles could avoid the immature drug release of nanoparticles in the upper gastrointestinal tract.•Curcumin-loaded in the nanoparticles-in-microparticles systems were apt to reach colitis lesion and enter into inflammatory macrophages to suppress inflammation.
Although nano-systems can promote the cellular internalization, polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) are easily to be destroyed or eliminated in the gastrointestinal tract, which leads to premature drug release or insufficient colonic accumulation. A novel oral nano-in-micro system for the efficient colonic delivery of curcumin (Cur) was developed in this study, in which the hyaluronic acid (HA)/zein complex NPs loading Cur were embedded in alginate/chitosan hydrogel microparticles (Cur@NMPs) with the electrospray technology. The Cur@NMPs showed uniform-sized sphere with an average size of 218.36 ± 10 μm, encapsulating Cur@HA/zein NPs with the average size of 148.64 ± 3.21 nm. Cur in NMPs showed the sustained drug-release profiles in simulated gastric fluid, whereas it showed the rapid release in simulated colonic fluid. Mediated by the HA-CD44 receptor recognition, Cur@HA/zein NPs had the increased cellular uptake efficiency in macrophages. Furthermore, NMPs had the significant colon-retention and bio-adhesiveness capacity in colon tissues. As expected, the oral administration of Cur@NMPs significantly mitigated colitis symptoms in DSS-induced UC mice by inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB pathway. The above results can provide a useful drug delivery strategy for Cur in the treatment of UC by retaining the advantages of nano- and micro-scaled carriers.
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