Simulations from a multi-model ensemble for the RCP4.5 climate change scenario for the 21st century, and for two solar radiation management (SRM) schemes (stratospheric sulfate injection (G3), SULF ...and marine cloud brightening by sea salt emission SALT) have been analysed in terms of changes in the mean and extremes of surface air temperature and precipitation. The climate engineering and termination periods are investigated. During the climate engineering period, both schemes, as intended, offset temperature increases by about 60 % globally, but are more effective in the low latitudes and exhibit some residual warming in the Arctic (especially in the case of SALT which is only applied in the low latitudes). In both climate engineering scenarios, extreme temperature changes are similar to the mean temperature changes over much of the globe. The exceptions are the mid- and high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, where high temperatures (90th percentile of the distribution) of the climate engineering period compared to RCP4.5 control period rise less than the mean, and cold temperatures (10th percentile), much more than the mean. This aspect of the SRM schemes is also reflected in simulated reduction in the frost day frequency of occurrence for both schemes. However, summer day frequency of occurrence increases less in the SALT experiment than the SULF experiment, especially over the tropics. Precipitation extremes in the two SRM scenarios act differently - the SULF experiment more effectively mitigates extreme precipitation increases over land compared to the SALT experiment. A reduction in dry spell occurrence over land is observed in the SALT experiment. The SULF experiment has a slight increase in the length of dry spells. A strong termination effect is found for the two climate engineering schemes, with large temperature increases especially in the Arctic. Globally, SULF is more effective in reducing extreme temperature increases over land than SALT. Extreme precipitation increases over land is also more reduced in SULF than the SALT experiment. However, globally SALT decreases the frequency of dry spell length and reduces the occurrence of hot days compared to SULF.
Management strategies in rotational grazing systems differ in their level of complexity and adaptivity. Different components of such grazing strategies are expected to allow for adaptation to ...environmental heterogeneities in space and time. However, most models investigating general principles of rangeland management strategies neglect spatio-temporal system properties including seasonality and spatial heterogeneity of environmental variables. We developed an ecological-economic rangeland model that combines a spatially explicit farm structure with intra-annual time steps. This allows investigating different management components in rotational grazing systems (including stocking and rotation rules) and evaluating their effect on the ecological and economic states of semi-arid grazing systems. Our results show that adaptive stocking is less sensitive to overstocking compared to a constant stocking strategy. Furthermore, the rotation rule becomes important only at stocking numbers that maximize expected income. Altogether, the best of the tested strategies is adaptive stocking combined with a rotation that adapts to both spatial forage availability and seasonality. This management strategy maximises mean income and at the same time maintains the rangeland in a viable condition. However, we could also show that inappropriate adaptation that neglects seasonality even leads to deterioration. Rangelands characterised by higher inter-annual climate variability show a higher risk of income losses under a non-adaptive stocking rule, and non-adaptive rotation is least able to buffer increasing climate variability. Overall, all important system properties including seasonality and spatial heterogeneity of available resources need to be considered when designing an appropriate rangeland management system. Resulting adaptive rotational grazing strategies can be valuable for improving management and mitigating income risks.
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•We study adaptivity in rotational grazing management using a modelling approach.•The best strategies combine adaptive stocking and spatio-temporal adaptive rotation.•These strategies maximise mean income and maintain viable rangeland condition.•These strategies are also best able to cope with increasing climate variability.•Adaptive rotational grazing can improve rangeland quality and mitigate income risks.
Microscopy has long played a pivotal role in the field of assisted reproductive technology (ART). The advent of artificial intelligence (AI) has opened the door for new approaches to sperm and oocyte ...assessment and selection, with the potential for improved ART outcomes.
Fertility treatment strategies are evolving, with a more rapid transition to assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatments after unsuccessful non-ART treatments. This trend increases the ...potential importance of adjuvant treatments in non-ART cycles, such as steroid hormone supplementation. It has been established that success rates of ART treatments are increased with the use of luteal support with progesterone. In the setting of non-ART cycles, however, the evidence is less clear, and clinical practices vary widely between providers and clinics. In this review, we aimed to provide an overview of the current evidence for the use of steroid hormone supplementation, including progesterone for luteal support, estrogens, androgens, and mineralocorticoids, in the setting of non-ART treatments for ovulatory women.
Patient au-T-onomy Quaas, Alexander M.
American journal of obstetrics and gynecology,
October 2023, 2023-10-00, 20231001, Letnik:
229, Številka:
4
Journal Article
In contemporary ART, the use of "add-ons" during ovarian stimulation has increased, especially in poor responders. Growth Hormone (GH) is an adjunctive therapy that has been studied extensively in ...the translational and clinical setting, with an ongoing scientific debate over its effectiveness and optimal use. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the physiologic basis for the use of GH in ART, and to summarize the latest evidence regarding its clinical use, primarily as an adjunct to ovarian stimulation, but also in the IVF lab and with regards to its effects on the endometrium.
Endometriosis, characterized by the presence of endometrial glands and stroma in extrauterine locations, is a significant cause of pelvic pain and infertility, as well as a major health care burden. ...Although Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved treatments are available, the use of "off-label" medications for endometriosis is widespread. In this review, we provide an overview of the current FDA-approved treatments, followed by a detailed review of the major "off-label" treatments being used in the United States and worldwide, including efficacy, side effects, drug interactions, contraindications, and anomaly risks.
Accounting for the increasing benefits from scarce ecosystems Drupp, M A; Hänsel, M C; Fenichel, E P ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
2024-Mar-08, 2024-03-08, 20240308, Letnik:
383, Številka:
6687
Journal Article
Recenzirano
As people get richer, and ecosystem services scarcer, policy-relevant estimates of ecosystem value must rise.
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