Steel’s transformation is crucial for quality improvement. The high-temperature reheating process is usually performed under oxidizing atmospheres. Therefore, decarburization is present, resulting in ...material losses and depreciating the material’s quality. The decarburization depth is commonly used to authenticate the quality of steel or develop prediction models. This depth is commonly measured by optical microscope techniques and following the standard E1077-01. Nonetheless, not much care has been paid to the sample size impact upon measurement metrics. The present study uses 1045-steel metallographies to analyze the influence on standard statistical tools, such as Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Anderson-Darling normality tests. Then, data were used to study the analysis of variance and honestly significant difference Tukey tests. The analysis shows that the optimal sample size for statistical analysis occurred between 20 and 30. In contrast, models must observe the RMSE’s performance as a function of the size.
The paper studies the changes in physicochemical properties of three types of hydroxyapatite (HAp): HAp-HB (from bovine sources), HAp-SC (chemically synthesized), and bioinspired HAp-SE (synthesized ...using eggshells) calcined under identical thermally controlled conditions from room temperature to 400, 500, 600, 650, 680, 700, 720, 750, 800, and 900 °C in furnace air. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated distinct thermal transitions and coalescence phenomena at different temperatures for these samples due to their sources and mineral composition differences. Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) showed that HAp-H (human), HAp-HB (bovine), and HAp-SE (bioinspired) have similar Ca, P, and Mg contents. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the coalescence phenomena increased in the crystallite size as the temperature increased. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) patterns revealed partial phase changes in the bioinspired sample (HAp-SE) and crystallite growth in all samples, resulting in full width at the half maximum (FWHM) and peak position alterations. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that HAp-SE exhibited a partial phase change due to dehydroxylation and the presence of functional groups (PO43−, OH, and CO32−) with varying vibrational modes influenced by the obtained method and calcination temperature. Raman spectra of the HAp-SE samples exhibited fluorescence at 400 °C and revealed vibrational modes of surface P-O. It observed the bands of the internal phosphates of the crystal lattice and shifts in the band positions at higher temperatures indicated phosphorus interacting with carbon and oxygen, triggering dehydroxylation.
•Pd nanoparticles were directly deposited onto Fecralloy foams by galvanic displacement.•Pd–Fecralloy foams were used as structured catalysts in oxidation reactions.•The oxidation of CO benefited ...from direct contact between Pd and Fecralloy substrate.•The oxidation of CH4 was not affected by low Pd dispersion.•Activity was good and Pd utilization was effective in both reactions.
The spontaneous deposition of Pd directly onto Fecralloy foam substrates was investigated as a simple and convenient approach to the preparation of structured technological catalysts for environmental applications, avoiding issues typically encountered with washcoated systems. Characterization of freshly prepared catalysts included ion chromatography and ICP–MS, to assess the Pd loading, cyclic voltammetry, to estimate the Pd surface area, SEM–EDX, XRD and TPR/TPO. Cyclic voltammetry, SEM–EDX and XRD were performed also on reaction aged samples. CO and CH4 catalytic oxidation under lean conditions were selected as test reactions occurring respectively in the low (100–300°C) and mid-high (300–600°C) temperature ranges. Pd–Fecralloy foam catalysts were found to guarantee good activity with an effective utilization of the noble metal content in spite of their relatively low Pd dispersion.
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•The rank order of hα7 nAChR inhibition is amitriptyline > doxepin ∼ imipramine.•Imipramine inhibits hippocampal α7* nAChRs in a non-competitive and voltage-dependent ...fashion.•Imipramine interacts with luminal and non-luminal sites at hα7 nAChRs.•Imipramine inhibits rα9α10 nAChRs in a competitive and voltage-independent manner.•Imipramine mainly interacts with hα9α10 orthosteric sites.
The activity of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) at α7 and α9α10 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) as well as at hippocampal α7-containing (i.e., α7*) AChRs is determined by using Ca2+ influx and electrophysiological recordings. To determine the inhibitory mechanisms, additional functional tests and molecular docking experiments are performed. The results established that TCAs (a) inhibit Ca2+ influx in GH3-α7 cells with the following potency (IC50 in μM) rank: amitriptyline (2.7 ± 0.3) > doxepin (5.9 ± 1.1) ∼ imipramine (6.6 ± 1.0). Interestingly, imipramine inhibits hippocampal α7* AChRs (42.2 ± 8.5 μM) in a noncompetitive and voltage-dependent manner, whereas it inhibits α9α10 AChRs (0.53 ± 0.05 μM) in a competitive and voltage-independent manner, and (b) inhibit 3Himipramine binding to resting α7 AChRs with the following affinity rank (IC50 in μM): imipramine (1.6 ± 0.2) > amitriptyline (2.4 ± 0.3) > doxepin (4.9 ± 0.6), whereas imipramine’s affinity was no significantly different to that for the desensitized state. The molecular docking and functional results support the notion that imipramine noncompetitively inhibits α7 AChRs by interacting with two overlapping luminal sites, whereas it competitively inhibits α9α10 AChRs by interacting with the orthosteric sites. Collectively our data indicate that TCAs inhibit α7, α9α10, and hippocampal α7* AChRs at clinically relevant concentrations and by different mechanisms of action.
The pharmacological activity of bupropion was compared between α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors expressed in heterologous cells and hippocampal and dorsal raphe nucleus neurons. The inhibitory ...activity of bupropion was studied on GH3-α7 cells by Ca2+ influx, as well as on neurons from the dorsal raphe nucleus and interneurons from the stratum radiatum of the hippocampal CA1 region by using a whole-cell voltage-clamp technique. In addition, the interaction of bupropion with the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor was determined by 3Himipramine competition binding assays and molecular docking. The fast component of acetylcholine- and choline-induced currents from both brain regions was inhibited by methyllycaconitine, indicating the participation of α7-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Choline-induced currents in hippocampal interneurons were partially inhibited by 10µM bupropion, a concentration that could be reached in the brain during clinical administration. Additionally, both agonist-induced currents were reversibly inhibited by bupropion at concentrations that coincide with its inhibitory potency (IC50=54µM) and binding affinity (Ki=63µM) for α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors from heterologous cells. The 3Himipramine competition binding and molecular docking results support a luminal location for the bupropion binding site(s). This study may help to understand the mechanisms of actions of bupropion at neuronal and molecular levels related with its therapeutic actions on depression and for smoking cessation.
In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), mutations of the Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 receptor (FLT3) and its overexpression are related with hyperleukocytosis, higher risk of relapse, and decrease of both ...disease-free survival and overall survival. It has been suggested that this phenomenon confers proliferative and survival advantages to the malignant blast cells. As a consequence, it is an attractive therapeutic target. As the best treatment strategy for mutated FLT3 AML remains to be defined, the addition of FLT3 inhibitor drugs to chemotherapy or to the bone marrow transplant approach has become a growing strategy. With encouraging results, this combination seems to be an attractive option. Relevant data regarding the current treatment trends on mutated FLT3 AML is reviewed here.
Constitutive overexpression of
Cyp6g1 and
Cyp6a2 genes in DDT-resistant line Oregon-
flare of the
Drosophila melanogaster wing spot test (SMART) has been reported.
Cyp6g1 and
Cyp6a2 expression levels ...were compared against the
β-actin gene in the standard (ST) and high bioactivation (HB) crosses of the Somatic Mutation and Recombination test (SMART) treated with sulforaphane or phenobarbital as the control inductor. The CYP450s’ enzymatic activity was determined by overall NADH consumption. The expression levels of both genes and the CYP450s activity was higher in the HB cross. The
Cyp6g1 levels were higher than those of
Cyp6a2 in both crosses, but lower than the expression of
β-actin. Sulforaphane decreased
Cyp6g1 in the HB cross and increased it in the ST cross;
Cyp6a2 expression was inhibited in the ST cross. Sulforaphane resulted mutagenic in the ST cross, which could be related to the inhibition of
Cyp6a2. Phenobarbital did not modify the
Cyp6g1 levels but increased the
Cyp6a2 and CYP450s basal activity. Although the transcript levels were always higher in the HB cross than in the ST, the expression of
Cyp6a2 and
Cyp6g1 was not constitutive and was independent one from the other. Sulforaphane modulated both genes in a differential way in each cross and, in contrast to its putative protective effect, it resulted to be mutagenic.
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