Excess weight and unexpected weight loss are associated with multiple disease states and increased morbidity and mortality, but weight measurement is not routine in many primary care settings. The ...aim of this study was to characterise who has had their weight recorded in UK primary care, how frequently, by whom and in relation to which clinical events, symptoms and diagnoses.
A longitudinal analysis of UK primary care electronic health records (EHR) data from 2000 to 2017. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise weight recording in terms of patient sociodemographic characteristics, health professional encounters, clinical events, symptoms and diagnoses. Negative binomial regression was used to model the likelihood of having a weight record each year, and Cox regression to the likelihood of repeated weight recording.
A total of 14,049,871 weight records were identified in the EHR of 4,918,746 patients during the study period, representing 26,998,591 person-years of observation. Around a third of patients had a weight record each year. Forty-nine percent of weight records were repeated within a year with an average time to a repeat weight record of 1.92 years. Weight records were most often taken by nursing staff (38-42%) and GPs (37-39%) as part of a routine clinical care, such as chronic disease reviews (16%), medication reviews (6-8%) and health checks (6-7%), or were associated with consultations for contraception (5-8%), respiratory disease (5%) and obesity (1%). Patient characteristics independently associated with an increased likelihood of weight recording were as follows: female sex, younger and older adults, non-drinkers, ex-smokers, low or high BMI, being more deprived, diagnosed with a greater number of comorbidities and consulting more frequently. The effect of policy-level incentives to record weight did not appear to be sustained after they were removed.
Weight recording is not a routine activity in UK primary care. It is recorded for around a third of patients each year and is repeated on average every 2 years for these patients. It is more common in females with higher BMI and in those with comorbidity. Incentive payments and their removal appear to be associated with increases and decreases in weight recording.
Saturn’s ring spokes typically appear over an 8-year duration centered on equinox. Hubble Space Telescope observations in 2021 indicate the beginning of a new spoke season as Saturn approaches ...equinox in 2025. The spokes show increased contrast and longevity in 2022, persisting for up to eleven hours. The spokes are visible from UV to near-IR and are slightly bluer (i.e., less red) than the rings, but we find no significant wavelength dependence in the spectral contrast, which approximates their optical depth). Spoke rotation rates are between 606 and 626 minutes, consistent with either Keplerian rotation or possibly the variable rotation rate of Saturn’s kilometric radiation (SKR). Spoke activity is expected to increase over the next several years.
Composition and Physical Properties of Enceladus' Surface Brown, Robert H; Clark, Roger N; Buratti, Bonnie J ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
03/2006, Letnik:
311, Številka:
5766
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Observations of Saturn's satellite Enceladus using Cassini's Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer instrument were obtained during three flybys of Enceladus in 2005. Enceladus' surface is composed ...mostly of nearly pure water ice except near its south pole, where there are light organics, CO₂, and amorphous and crystalline water ice, particularly in the region dubbed the "tiger stripes." An upper limit of 5 precipitable nanometers is derived for CO in the atmospheric column above Enceladus, and 2% for NH₃ in global surface deposits. Upper limits of 140 kelvin (for a filled pixel) are derived for the temperatures in the tiger stripes.
Motivated by theoretical and empirical research in life course sociology, we examine relationships between trajectories of work and family roles across the life course and four measures of economic ...well-being in later adulthood. Using data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS) and multiple trajectory-generating methods, we first identify latent trajectories of work and family roles between late adolescence and age 65. We then model economic well-being at age 65 as a function of these trajectories and contemporaneously measured indicators of older adults' work, family, and health statuses. Our central finding is that trajectories of work and family experiences across the life course have direct effects on later-life economic well-being, as well as indirect effects that operate through more proximate measures of work, family, and other characteristics. We argue that these findings have important implications for how social scientists conceptualize and model the relationship between later-life economic outcomes and people's work and family experiences across the life course.
Titan was once thought to have global oceans of light hydrocarbons on its surface, but after 40 close flybys of Titan by the Cassini spacecraft, it has become clear that no such oceans exist. There ...are, however, features similar to terrestrial lakes and seas, and widespread evidence for fluvial erosion, presumably driven by precipitation of liquid methane from Titan's dense, nitrogen-dominated atmosphere. Here we report infrared spectroscopic data, obtained by the Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) on board the Cassini spacecraft, that strongly indicate that ethane, probably in liquid solution with methane, nitrogen and other low-molecular-mass hydrocarbons, is contained within Titan's Ontario Lacus.
Paired beef short loins from US Choice (
n
=
48) and US Select (
n
=
48) carcasses were assigned to be dry or wet aged for 14, 21, 28 or 35
d. After aging, short loins were processed to determine ...retail yields and processing times. Upon completion of cutting tests, steaks were served to consumers to assess palatability characteristics. Retail cutting tests showed that dry-aged short loins had reduced yields and increased cutting times when compared to wet-aged short loins. Consumers were unable to determine differences between dry- and wet-aged steaks and for aging periods; however, USDA quality grade had a significant impact on consumer perception of palatability attributes.
Saturn's main ring system is associated with a set of small moons that either are embedded within it or interact with the rings to alter their shape and composition. Five close flybys of the moons ...Pan, Daphnis, Atlas, Pandora, and Epimetheus were performed between December 2016 and April 2017 during the ring-grazing orbits of the Cassini mission. Data on the moons' morphology, structure, particle environment, and composition were returned, along with images in the ultraviolet and thermal infrared. We find that the optical properties of the moons' surfaces are determined by two competing processes: contamination by a red material formed in Saturn's main ring system and accretion of bright icy particles or water vapor from volcanic plumes originating on the moon Enceladus.
Cool temperature egg storage prior to incubation is a common practice in the broiler industry; however, prolonged egg storage causes increased embryonic mortality and decreased hatchability and ...growth in surviving chicks. Exposing eggs to short periods of incubation during egg storage (SPIDES) reduces the adverse consequences of prolonged storage. SPIDES increases blastodermal cell viability by reducing apoptosis, though the counteracting mechanisms are unclear. To define the impact of prolonged storage and SPIDES, transcriptome analysis compared gene expression from blastoderms isolated from eggs exposed to the following treatments: control (CR, stored at 17 °C for 4 days), prolonged storage (NSR, stored at 17 °C for 21 days), SPIDES (SR, stored at 17 °C for 21 days with SPIDES), and incubated control (C2, stored at 17 °C for 4 days followed by incubation to HH (Hamburger-Hamilton) stage 2, used as the ideal standard development) (n = 3/group). Data analysis was performed using the CLC Genomics Workbench platform. Functional annotation was performed using DAVID and QIAGEN Ingenuity Pathway Analysis.
In total, 4726 DEGs (differentially expressed genes) were identified across all experimental group comparisons (q < 0.05, FPKM> 20, |fold change| > 1.5). DEGs common across experimental comparisons were involved in cellular homeostasis and cytoskeletal protein binding. The NSR group exhibited activation of ubiquitination, apoptotic, and cell senescence processes. The SR group showed activation of cell viability, division, and metabolic processes. Through comparison analysis, cellular respiration, tRNA charging, cell cycle control, and HMBG1 signaling pathways were significantly impacted by treatment and potential regulatory roles for ribosomal protein L23a (RPL23A) and MYC proto-oncogene, BHLH transcription factor (MYC) were identified.
Prolonged egg storage (NSR) resulted in enriched cell stress and death pathways; while SPIDES (SR) resulted in enriched basic cell and anti-apoptotic pathways. New insights into DNA repair mechanisms, RNA processing, shifts in metabolism, and chromatin dynamics in relation to egg storage treatment were obtained through this study. Although egg storage protocols have been examined through targeted gene expression approaches, this study provided a global view of the extensive molecular networks affected by prolonged storage and SPIDES and helped to identify potential upstream regulators for future experiments to optimize egg storage parameters.
Isosteric heats of water and methanol adsorption on highly graphitized thermal carbon black have been studied using grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation to investigate the effects of the ...concentration of functional groups and temperature on the isosteric heats observed experimentally. The heat at zero loading is associated with the interaction between an adsorbate and the functional group. The variation in the heat with loading is due to a combination two effects: (1) Saturation of the functional groups by adsorbate molecules. (2) Adsorption at the convex boundary of the clusters, resulting in a lower number of neighbours for each new molecule adsorbed onto the clusters compared to the bulk liquid. The isosteric heat versus loading reaches a minimum and then increases again as the number of interactions with neighbouring molecules increases, and finally reaches the heat of liquefaction when the very large clusters approach liquid-like behaviour.
Titan is the only satellite in our Solar System with a dense atmosphere. The surface pressure is 1.5 bar (ref. 1) and, similar to the Earth, N2 is the main component of the atmosphere. Methane is the ...second most important component, but it is photodissociated on a timescale of 107 years (ref. 3). This short timescale has led to the suggestion that Titan may possess a surface or subsurface reservoir of hydrocarbons to replenish the atmosphere. Here we report near-infrared images of Titan obtained on 26 October 2004 by the Cassini spacecraft. The images show that a widespread methane ocean does not exist; subtle albedo variations instead suggest topographical variations, as would be expected for a more solid (perhaps icy) surface. We also find a circular structure ∼30 km in diameter that does not resemble any features seen on other icy satellites. We propose that the structure is a dome formed by upwelling icy plumes that release methane into Titan's atmosphere.
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