Biogenic volatile emissions from the soil PEÑUELAS, J; ASENSIO, D; THOLL, D ...
Plant, cell & environment/Plant, cell and environment,
August 2014, Letnik:
37, Številka:
8
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Volatile compounds are usually associated with an appearance/presence in the atmosphere. Recent advances, however, indicated that the soil is a huge reservoir and source of biogenic volatile organic ...compounds (bVOCs), which are formed from decomposing litter and dead organic material or are synthesized by underground living organism or organs and tissues of plants. This review summarizes the scarce available data on the exchange of VOCs between soil and atmosphere and the features of the soil and particle structure allowing diffusion of volatiles in the soil, which is the prerequisite for biological VOC‐based interactions. In fact, soil may function either as a sink or as a source of bVOCs. Soil VOC emissions to the atmosphere are often 1–2 (0–3) orders of magnitude lower than those from aboveground vegetation. Microorganisms and the plant root system are the major sources for bVOCs. The current methodology to detect belowground volatiles is described as well as the metabolic capabilities resulting in the wealth of microbial and root VOC emissions. Furthermore, VOC profiles are discussed as non‐destructive fingerprints for the detection of organisms. In the last chapter, belowground volatile‐based bi‐ and multi‐trophic interactions between microorganisms, plants and invertebrates in the soil are discussed.
Diversifying the medical work force is critical to reducing health care disparity and improving patient outcomes. This manuscript offers a comprehensive review of best practices to improve both the ...recruitment and the retention of underrepresented minorities in training programs and beyond.
Breast-conserving therapy (BCT) is the preferred treatment for unifocal breast cancer (BC). The oncologic safety of BCT for multiple ipsilateral breast cancer (MIBC) has not been demonstrated in a ...prospective study. ACOSOG Z11102 (Alliance) is a phase II, single-arm, prospective trial designed to evaluate oncologic outcomes in patients undergoing BCT for MIBC.
Women age 40 years and older with two to three foci of biopsy-proven cN0-1 BC were eligible. Patients underwent lumpectomies with negative margins followed by whole breast radiation with boost to all lumpectomy beds. The primary end point was cumulative incidence of local recurrence (LR) at 5 years with an a priori rate of clinical acceptability of <8%.
Among 270 women enrolled between November 2012 and August 2016, there were 204 eligible patients who underwent protocol-directed BCT. The median age was 61 years (range, 40-87 years). At a median follow-up of 66.4 months (range, 1.3-90.6 months), six patients developed LR for an estimated 5-year cumulative incidence of LR of 3.1% (95% CI, 1.3 to 6.4). Patient age, number of sites of preoperative biopsy-proven BC, estrogen receptor status and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status, and pathologic T and N categories were not associated with LR risk. Exploratory analysis showed that the 5-year LR rate in patients without preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; n = 15) was 22.6% compared with 1.7% in patients with a preoperative MRI (n = 189;
= .002).
The Z11102 clinical trial demonstrates that breast-conserving surgery with adjuvant radiation that includes lumpectomy site boosts yields an acceptably low 5-year LR rate for MIBC. This evidence supports BCT as a reasonable surgical option for women with two to three ipsilateral foci, particularly among patients with disease evaluated with preoperative breast MRI.
Paramagnetic and variable temperature 13C and 45Sc nuclear magnetic resonance studies are performed for nitride clusterfullerenes MSc2N@C80 with icosahedral Ih(7) carbon cage, where M runs through ...all lanthanides forming nitride clusters. The influence of the endohedral lanthanide ions on the NMR spectral pattern is carefully followed, and dramatic differences are found in peak positions and line widths. Thus, 13C lines broaden from 0.01-0.02 ppm in diamagnetic MSc2N@C80 molecules (M = La, Y, Lu) to several ppm in TbSc2N@C80 and DySc2N@C80. Direction of the paramagnetic shift depends on the shape of the 4f electron density in corresponding lanthanide ions. In TmSc2N@C80 and ErSc2N@C80 with prolate 4f-density of lanthanide ions, 13C signals are shifted down-field, whereas 45Sc peaks are shifted up-field versus diamagnetic values. In all other MSc2N@C80 molecules lanthanide ions have oblate-shaped 4f electron density, and the lanthanide-induced shift is negative for 13C and positive for 45Sc peaks. Analysis of the pseudocontact and contact contributions to chemical shifts revealed that the pseudocontact term dominates both in 13C and 45Sc NMR spectra, although contact shifts for 13C signals are also considerable. Point charge computations of the ligand field splitting are performed to explain experimental results, and showed reasonable agreement with experimental pseudocontact shifts. Nitrogen atom bearing large negative charge and located close to the lanthanide ion results in large magnetic anisotropy of lanthanide ions in nitride clusterfullerenes with quasi-uniaxial ligand field.
Abstract Background Several authors have demonstrated a trend toward the under-treatment of elderly and very elderly women with breast cancer. This study was undertaken to determine the impact of ...under-treatment of breast cancer in women age 80 and older. Methods A retrospective chart review of all patients 80 years and older with a newly diagnosed breast cancer at the MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, between September 1, 1989 and September 1, 2004 was performed. Data extracted from charts included patient demographics, comorbidity, treatments recommended, treatments received, complications of therapy, disease recurrence and disease related death. Treatments undertaken were analyzed in the context of accepted therapy at the time of diagnosis. Results Two hundred twelve patients were identified. The median age was 83.5 years (range 80
–97). Overall survival in the entire cohort was 7.28 years with a median follow up of 4 years for patients still alive at the end of the study period. Fifty seven percent of patients were under-treated according to institutional and national guidelines. Women who underwent hormonal therapy only demonstrated decreased disease specific survival ( P < 0.001 respectively) compared with patients who received multi-modality therapy. Women who underwent partial mastectomy without radiation treatment experienced a significant increase in local regional recurrence ( P = 0.045). There was an association of increased disease specific survival in patients who had surgical lymph node evaluation compared to those who did not ( P = 0.04). Conclusions Outcomes are compromised in very elderly women with breast cancer in whom less than complete combined modality treatment is undertaken. With the previously demonstrated safety of radiation therapy, hormonal therapy and surgery in the very elderly population, multi-modality therapy should not be routinely withheld in patients in this age category.
Up to 10% of patients undergoing breast surgery suffer from bleeding complications. Some experience severe hypotension and bradycardia of unclear etiology. Similar to the vasovagal hyperstimulation ...provoked by abdominal insufflation during laparoscopic surgery, we hypothesize that chest wall stretch from postoperative breast hematoma may mechanically stretch the vagus nerve, triggering dysautonomia disproportionate to the degree of blood loss.
A single-institution retrospective review of patients requiring reoperation for hematoma evacuation following breast surgery between 2011 and 2021 was performed. The relationship between hematoma volume and hemodynamic instability, as well as hematoma volume and vasovagal symptoms, was measured.
Sixteen patients were identified. Average hematoma volume was 353 mL, and average minimum mean arterial pressure was 64 mm Hg (range: 34–102 mm Hg). Fifty-six percent of patients reported symptoms including dizziness, somnolence, and/or syncope. Accounting for body surface area, patients with larger hematomas had similar minimum mean arterial pressures compared to those with smaller hematomas, 55 and 73 mm Hg, respectively (P = .0943). However, patients in the large hematoma group experienced over 3 times as many vasovagal symptoms, 88% and 25%, respectively (P = .0095).
Patients with large hematomas reported significantly more vagal symptoms compared to those with small hematomas despite similar mean arterial pressures. In addition, the trend of lower mean arterial pressures and heart rates more closely resembles vagal hyperstimulation than hypovolemic shock. Early hematoma evacuation to relieve vagal nerve stretch and parasympatholytics to reverse dysautonomia are targeted interventions to consider in this patient population rather than fluids, vasopressors, and blood products that are used in cases of hemodynamic instability due to hypovolemia alone.
Electromagnetic (EM) breast imaging provides low-cost, safe and potentially a more specific modality for cancer detection than conventional imaging systems. A primary difficulty in validating these ...EM imaging modalities is that the true dielectric property values of the particular breast being imaged are not readily available on an individual subject basis. Here, we describe our initial experience in seeking to correlate tomographic EM imaging studies with discrete point spectroscopy measurements of the dielectric properties of breast tissue. The protocol we have developed involves measurement of in vivo tissue properties during partial and full mastectomy procedures in the operating room (OR) followed by ex vivo tissue property recordings in the same locations in the excised tissue specimens in the pathology laboratory immediately after resection. We have successfully applied all of the elements of this validation protocol in a series of six women with cancer diagnoses. Conductivity and permittivity gauged from ex vivo samples over the frequency range 100 Hz-8.5 GHz are found to be similar to those reported in the literature. A decrease in both conductivity and permittivity is observed when these properties are gauged from ex vivo samples instead of in vivo. We present these results in addition to a case study demonstrating how discrete point spectroscopy measurements of the tissue can be correlated and used to validate EM imaging studies.
Background
The incidence of preoperatively identified multifocal and multicentric breast cancer is rising with improved sensitivity of imaging modalities. Based on retrospective, historic data, ...breast conservation in women with multiple tumors has been discouraged because of high rates of local regional recurrence (LRR). These studies, however, do not extrapolate to contemporary practice as they do not incorporate the use of modern therapies and surgical techniques. This study is designed to evaluate the feasibility of breast conservation in women with multiple breast primaries.
Materials and Methods
We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 22 women who underwent breast conservation surgery for 2 or more synchronous, ipsilateral cancers between 1998 and 2008. We extracted data including tumor size, nodal staging, receptor status, adjuvant therapies administered, and local–regional recurrence.
Results
A total of 22 patients were identified. Average follow up is 3.5 years. One patient (4.5%) experienced an in-breast recurrence. Both initial tumors in this patient were invasive ductal carcinoma, ER/PR, negative and HER2 positive. Time to LRR was 2.5 years.
Conclusions
Our data are consistent with those of recent studies in which multifocal/multicentric local regional recurrence in multicentric/multifocal breast is equivalent to that seen in women with unifocal cancer. The single local recurrence in this study occurred in a premenopausal women with ER/PR− disease who were HER2+. Prior retrospective studies have identified ER/PR− and HER2 overexpression as independent risk factors for recurrence following breast conservation. Additional prospective trials are warranted to better assess the oncologic safety of breast conservation in this population.
Body mass index (BMI) is a widely used proxy of body composition (BC). Concerns exist regarding possible BMI misclassification among active populations. We compared the prevalence of obesity as ...categorized by BMI or by skinfold estimates of body fat percentage (BF%) in a physically active population.
3,822 military firefighters underwent a physical fitness evaluation including cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) by the 12 min-Cooper test, abdominal strength by sit-up test (SUT) and body composition (BC) by BF% (as the reference), as well as BMI. Obesity was defined by BF% > 25% and BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2. Agreement was evaluated by sensitivity and specificity of BMI, positive and negative predictive values (PPV/NPV), positive and negative likelihood (LR+/LR-), receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and also across age, CRF and SUT subgroups.
The prevalence of obesity estimated by BMI (13.3%) was similar to BF% (15.9%). Overall agreement was high (85.8%) and varied in different subgroups (75.3-94.5%). BMI underestimated the prevalence of obesity in all categories with high specificity (≥ 81.2%) and low sensitivity (≤ 67.0). All indices were affected by CRF, age and SUT, with better sensitivity, NPV and LR- in the less fit and older groups; and higher specificity, PPV and LR+ among the fittest and youngest groups. ROC curves showed high area under the curve (≥ 0.77) except for subjects with CRF ≥ 14 METs (= 0.46).
Both measures yielded similar obesity prevalences, with high agreement. BMI did not overestimate obesity prevalence. BMI ≥ 30 was highly specific to exclude obesity. Because of systematic under estimation, a lower BMI cut-off point might be considered in this population.
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