Conservation programmes are always limited by available resources. Careful planning is therefore required to increase the efficiency of conservation and gap analysis can be used for this purpose. ...This method was used to assess the representativeness of current ex situ and in situ conservation actions of 234 priority crop wild relatives (CWR) in Indonesia. This analysis also included species distribution modelling, the creation of an ecogeographical land characterization map, and a complementarity analysis to identify priorities area for in situ conservation and for further collecting of ex situ conservation programmes. The results show that both current ex situ and in situ conservation actions are insufficient. Sixty-six percent of priority CWRs have no recorded ex situ collections. Eighty CWRs with ex situ collections are still under-represented in the national genebanks and 65 CWRs have no presence records within the existing protected area network although 60 are predicted to exist in several protected areas according to their potential distribution models. The complementarity analysis shows that a minimum of 61 complementary grid areas (complementary based on grid cells) are required to conserve all priority taxa and 40 complementary protected areas (complementary based on existing protected areas) are required to conserve those with known populations within the existing in situ protected area network. The top ten of complementary protected areas are proposed as the initial areas for the development of CWR genetic reserves network in Indonesia. It is recommended to enhanced coordination between ex situ and in situ conservation stakeholders for sustaining the long term conservation of CWR in Indonesia. Implementation of the research recommendations will provide for the first time an effective conservation planning of Indonesia’s CWR diversity and will significantly enhance the country’s food and nutritional security.
The analysis of climate change impact is essential to include in conservation planning of crop wild relatives (CWR) to provide the guideline for adequate long-term protection under unpredictable ...future environmental conditions. These resources play an important role in sustaining the future of food security, but the evidence shows that they are threatened by climate change. The current analyses show that five taxa were predicted to have contraction of more than 30 % of their current ranges: Artocarpus sepicanus (based on RCP 4.5 in both no dispersal and unlimited dispersal scenario and RCP 8.5 in no dispersal scenario by 2050), Ficus oleifolia (RCP 4.5 5 in both no dispersal and unlimited dispersal scenario by 2080), Cocos nucifera and Dioscorea alata (RCP 8.5 in both no dispersal and unlimited dispersal scenario by 2050), and Ficus chartacea (RCP 8.5 in both no dispersal and unlimited dispersal scenario by 2050 and 2080). It shows that the climate change impact is species-specific. Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and dispersal scenarios influence the prediction models, and the actual future distribution range of species falls in between those scenarios. Climate refugia, holdout populations, and non-analogue community assemblages were identified based on the Protected Areas (PAs) network. PAs capacity is considered an important element in implementing a conservation strategy for the priority CWR. In areas where PAs are isolated and have less possibility to build corridors to connect each other, such as in Java, unlimited dispersal scenarios are unlikely to be achieved and assisted dispersal is suggested. The holdout populations should be the priority target for the ex situ collection. Therefore, by considering the climate refugia, PAs capacity and holdout populations, the goal of keeping high genetic variations for the long-term conservation of CWR in Indonesia can be achieved.
Crop wild relatives (CWR) have been increasingly used as a genetic resource in crop improvement programs, thus, their conservation is essential for future sustainable agriculture and food security. ...Generally, CWR are threatened but their conservation has just recently come to global attention. Ex situ conservation (to ensure the availability of material to plant breeders and reintroduction programs) and in situ conservation (to permit their natural evolution) need better planning to ensure success. However, Indonesia as one of the important areas for CWR diversity does not yet have specific plans to conserve these resources. The basis for CWR conservation planning is having a prioritized inventory of CWR upon which to focus CWR conservation actions in Indonesia. Therefore, the initial CWR conservation planning steps reported in this paper are CWR checklist development and subsequent prioritization to permit better allocation of resources and time for conservation action. A total of 1968 taxa were recorded as wild relatives of food crops in Indonesia. About 571 (29%) of those taxa are national endemics and 864 (44%) are narrow regional endemics. After prioritization based on the socio-economic value of the related crops and potential utilization for plant breeding, 234 taxa were established as a priority for conservation. Ninety-five of these priority taxa are important at the national and global levels (such as wild relatives of rice, banana, mango, breadfruit, sugarcane, taro, coconut, sweet potato, melon, sorghum, citrus, and aubergine), 69 are important at the national and regional levels (such as wild relatives of tropical fruits and sugar crops), and 70 taxa are important at global level only (such as wild relatives of yam, figs, and raspberry). Those priority taxa are now the target for further CWR conservation action both of ex situ and in situ
g
ap analyses and the establishment of a systematic conservation planning strategy for effective conservation action in Indonesia.
The increasing demand for food by the global population and the uncertainty of global environmental changes in the future require our attention to anticipate for the worst scenario, the global ...collapse of the living systems on Earth. Crops, as the main source of human food, should be maintained to increase their yields and resiliency to sustain the future of food security when most of the production system components become more limited and degraded. Therefore, crop improvement is a crucial step to boost their production capacity. For this, a wide range of genetic diversity is required to develop new varieties since genetic drift/bottleneck syndromes tend to lower the crop resilience capacity. One of a promising and increasingly used source as the plant genetic resources for crop improvement is Crop Wild Relatives (CWR). CWR as wild species are threatened by anthropogenic disturbances. Conservation of these resources is a key to preserve their existence and prolong their availability for crop improvement. Then, systematics conservation planning is required for efficiency and effectiveness of the allocation of conservation resources and to mainstream in the development sectors. Since food security and environmental protection are national responsibilities, conservation planning of CWR at the national level will support the country's achievement for the global agendas. Indonesia, as a country with serious problems with biodiversity degradation and food insecurity, not yet have systematic conservation planning for its CWR. Therefore, this study aims to fill this gap. Systematic conservation planning of CWR for food crops in Indonesia was developed by several steps such as setting the priorities of CWR, conservation gap analysis in current in situ and ex situ conservation, climate change impact analysis, and novel threat assessment. About 1,968 taxa were identified as CWR of food crops. 234 of them were selected as national priorities. 66% of the priority CWR have no recorded ex situ collections. 28% have no presence records within the existing protected area network although 60 of them are predicted to exist in the existing protected area based on their predicted distribution model. At least, 40 complementary protected areas are required to conserve those CWR with records within the existing protected area. These 40 complementary areas are suggested as the initial areas for CWR genetic reserves network in Indonesia. The climate change impact analysis found that one to six of priority CWR, depend on the scenario, are predicted to have a significant negative impact in terms of their distribution range contraction. The existing protected areas that serve as climatic refugia and those containing holdouts population were identified for their in situ and ex situ conservation action targets. About 127 of priority CWR have novel threat assessments. 40 taxa are threatened, 32 are Near Threatened, 31 taxa are Least Concern, and 24 taxa are Data Deficient. 62% of threatened CWR inhabit the Sundaland area, one of the global biodiversity hotspots. The result of this study is a starting point for more discussion and comprehensive conservation planning of CWR that included more stakeholders. Feedbacks from all the related stakeholders will improve the conservation planning. The establishment of this conservation planning and its implementation will provide a path for effective long term conservation of CWR in Indonesia.
To understand and examine Internet Service Company in Bandung pricing and marketing strategies, we conducted this study at one of the internet service providers in Bandung. We employed a quantitative ...strategy for the inquiry that combined a descriptive and verifiable approach. One of the Bandung internet service providers provided 100 consumers for the survey.
The study's path analysis reveals the correctness of the price and marketing variables at one of the Bandung internet service providers. The study's conclusions advise considering the costs and promotions provided by one of the Bandung-based internet service providers. According to the findings, Price (X1) significantly affects Customer Satisfaction (Y). The next factor that significantly affects customer happiness is promotion (X2).
To understand and examine Internet Service Company in Bandung pricing and marketing strategies, we conducted this study at one of the internet service providers in Bandung. We employed a quantitative ...strategy for the inquiry that combined a descriptive and verifiable approach. One of the Bandung internet service providers provided 100 consumers for the survey. The study's path analysis reveals the correctness of the price and marketing variables at one of the Bandung internet service providers. The study's conclusions advise considering the costs and promotions provided by one of the Bandung-based internet service providers. According to the findings, Price (X1) significantly affects Customer Satisfaction (Y). The next factor that significantly affects customer happiness is promotion (X2).
This study aimed to investigate the origin, quantity, and composition of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) from two urbanized watersheds (Cikapundung and Cimahi River), examine how CDOM ...compounds and absorbances change along the process of two different conventional WTPs (WTP Dago and Cimahi) using PARAFAC, and identify absorbance as potential surrogate parameters for CDOM compounds. Samples were collected from intake, secondary treatment, and filter outlets. PARAFAC was conducted based on two data scenarios: (1) from rainy and dry seasons in Cikapundung river and WTP Dago and (2) from the two rivers and two WTPs during rainy season. Tryptophan-like (C1A) and humic-like (C2A) compounds were identified based on scenario-1 analysis. For scenario-2, humic-like (C1B), peak-M (C2B), and tryptophan-like (C3B) were the main compounds. CDOM compound quantity is consistent with the fluorescence index (FI) and biological index (BIX) which confirmed sewage and animal manure pollution in both watersheds. The best overall removal of CDOM compound occurred in WTP Dago in rainy season. The high concentration of tryptophan-like in Cikapundung River in dry season and in Cimahi River in rainy season has worsen the WTP capability to reduce CDOM. Scenario-1 has shown that in WTP Dago, the potential surrogate parameter for C1A was A
240
in rainy season (
r
= 0.60;
p
< 0.01) and A
410
in dry season (
r
= − 0.43,
p
< 0.05). Based on scenario-2, for the WTP Dago in rainy season, C1B strongly correlated with A
254
(
r
= 0.86;
p
< 0.01), C2B has the strongest correlation with A
298
(
r
= 0.93;
p
< 0.01), and C3B correlated well with A
240
(
r
= 0.59;
p
< 0.01). In WTP Cimahi, during rainy season, all compounds correlated well with all measured absorbances, with the strongest correlation with A
298
.
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