Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is established for a limited period, for special extemporaneous services related to mobile applications. This ad hoc network is set up for a limited period, in ...environments that change with the application. While in Internet the TCP/IP protocol suite supports a wide range of application, in MANETs protocols are tuned to specific customer/application. Multicasting is emerging as a popular communication format where the same packet is sent to multiple nodes in a network. Routing in multicasting involves maintaining routes and finding new node locations in a group and is NP-complete due to the dynamic nature of the network. In this paper, a Hybrid Genetic Based Optimization for Multicast Routing algorithm is proposed. The proposed algorithm uses the best features of Genetic Algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) to improve the solution. Simulations were conducted by varying number of mobile nodes and results compared with Multicast AODV (MAODV) protocol, PSO based and GA based solution. The proposed optimization improves jitter, end to end delay and Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) with faster convergence.
Megaporous spherical acrylate copolymer beads were synthesized by suspension polymerization using non-solvating porogens. Non-solvating porogens with higher aliphatic hydrocarbon content generated ...megaporous morphology with lower surface area. Surface area increased and inversely megaporosity was decreased with decrease in the aliphatic hydrocarbon content of porogen. Megaporosity (5.47 μm) and pore volume of 5.52 cm3/g was obtained with n-decanol. Thermal property of copolymer is a function of type (rigidity/flexibility/elemental composition) and concentration (cross-link density) of monomer and cross-linker. Copolymer containing rigid cross-linker (divinylbenzene) had better thermal stability over copolymer with flexible cross-linker (ethylene dimethacrylate). Further, higher concentration of rigid cross-linker or lower concentration of flexible cross-linker enhanced the thermal stability. Porous polymers are potentially recognized as a solid support for solid-phase synthesis.
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•Megaporosity (≥5 μm) was obtained using non-solvating porogens.•Polymer demonstrates the highest pore size (5.47 μm) and pore volume (5.52 cm3/g).•An interfacial tension of non-solvating porogen is inversely functioning towards surface area and megaporosity.•Megaporosity increases with increasing aliphatic hydrocarbon content in non-solvating porogens.
A capsule network (CapsNet) is a new neural network model that is recently evolving in the field of image classification. Some of the shortcomings of traditional convolutional neural networks (CNNs) ...are compensated by the characteristics of CapsNet. It has proven to be effective at a variety of tasks, predominantly in medical image recognition with activation capsules. In this paper, image classification using the special designs in CapsNet is examined in depth. An additional reconstruction loss is used in the proposed work to empower the steering capsules and encode the input’s instantiation parameters. The active vectors of higher-level capsules are used for the classification mechanism. The calculation at that point remakes the input picture thus utilizing these active vectors. The directing capsule’s yield is sent into a decoder with three completely associated layers, which limits the whole of squared disparities between the calculated unit yields and the pixel power. In comparison to a typical CapsNet, the improved CapsNet method incorporates the extra parameters such as the number of measurements in each capsule sort (essential or directing capsules), the number of essential and directing capsules, and the number of channels within the capsule layer that are used for image classification. The experimental results show promising results in image recognition when compared to other CNN model-based algorithms.
Landslide disasters in Nepal are widely reported to have increased in the last decade, but there has been limited on trends in landslide occurrence in Nepal from 2011 to 2020. This study presents the ...spatio-temporal distribution and trends of landslide disasters in the Nepal Himalayas and identifies landslide-prone areas. Landslide disaster data was collected to assess annual variations, investigate the relation between rainfall and landslides, describe the landslide distribution pattern, conduct statistical analysis, and predict landslide causes and triggering factors. The dataset suggests that the overall trend in landslide disasters in Nepal from 2011 to 2020 is increasing, with a high level of variability in the number of landslide disasters from year to year, depending on several factors. Results show that landslide events were clustered in space and time, with 93.26% of total landslides occurring in the rainy season. The average density of landslide disasters in 2011 was 0.85 events per 1000 km
2
and increased to 3.34 in 2020. The effect of earthquake preconditioning was observed as the landslide disaster rate has been elevated since the 2015 Gorkha earthquake with systematic shifting of locations over time. Power-law relationships fit well for the cumulative frequency distribution of daily landslide disasters and the probability density of time interval between landslides. The gap between landslide events was observed as 1–170 days. Moreover, trend analysis has shown an increasing trend of landslide disasters both seasonally and annually.
This paper develops a new approach for solving the Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) using an integrated algorithm based on Evolutionary Programming (EP) and Simulated Annealing (SA) on large scale power ...system. Classical methods employed for solving Economic Load Dispatch are calculus-based. For generator units having quadratic fuel cost functions, the classical techniques ignore or flatten out the portions of the incremental fuel cost curves and so may be have difficulties in the determination of the global optimum solution for non-differentiable fuel cost functions. To overcome these problems, the intelligent techniques, namely, Evolutionary Programming and Simulated Annealing are employed. The above said optimization techniques are capable of determining the global or near global optimum dispatch solutions. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed integrated algorithm has been tested with 66-bus Indian utility system, IEEE 5-bus, 30-bus, 118-bus system. And the test results are compared with the results obtained from other methods. Numerical results show that the proposed integrated algorithm can provide accurate solutions within reasonable time for any type of fuel cost functions.
JGL1798 (Jagtial Sannalu) is a high yielding fine grain variety released for Telangana state, India, and highly susceptible to two major rice diseases, bacterial blight (BB) and blast. To improve ...JGL1798 for BB and blast resistance, two bacterial blight resistance genes (
xa13
and
Xa21
) derived from improved Samba Mahsuri (B95-1) and one blast resistance gene (
Pi54
) from NLR145 have been introgressed using marker-assisted backcross breeding (MABB) method. Foreground selection was carried out in two independent backcross-derived progenies JGL1798 X B95-1(C
5
) and JGL1798 X NLR145 (C
6
) using three gene linked markers viz., xa13 promoter, PTA248, and Pi54MAS. To achieve maximum genome recovery of recurrent parent, background selection was carried out among the gene positive plants at each backcross generation and identified backcross lines having high genome recovery of recurrent parent. Pyramiding three genes into one background, marker-assisted backcrossing was continued until BC
2
generation and an intercross was made between highest genome recovery plants, i.e., C
5
-BC
2
F
1
-23and C
6
-BC
2
F
1
-4. The six triple heterozygous positive ICF
1
plants confirmed for the presence of
xa13
,
Xa21
, and
Pi54
genes in heterozygous condition. These plants were screened with polymorphic SSR markers and the ICF
1
24 plant possessing maximum percentage (90%) of recurrent parent genome was selected, selfed and 2216 ICF
2
plants were obtained and evaluated during kharif, 2013. A total of 862 plants were genotyped possessing the target resistance genes in homozygous condition. Among those, 11 homozygous plants, the ICF
2
-4-12 lines possessing the highest genome recovery (92.3%). The identified 11 introgressed lines displayed higher level of resistance to bacterial blight and blast with good agro-morphological traits, grain yield, physical, and cooking quality characters similar to that of JGL1798.
Cloud computing is the style that can give plenty of shared pool resources such as hardware or software to clients based on requests from the internet. These resources are then scaled up ...automatically based on the specifications of the clients. Workflow scheduling optimization is an area of research activities in infrastructure as a service (IaaS) of the cloud. This problem is NP-complete. Thus, building a workflow scheduler that is optimum, having a reasonable level of performance and speed of computation, can be quite challenging in a distributed cloud environment. Metaheuristic algorithms may be improved in terms of their solution and its quality and speed of convergence utilizing combining it with other metaheuristic algorithms or any other algorithms that are metaheuristic based on local search. Shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA) was acknowledged a metaheuristic performing heuristic search with a heuristic function (mathematical function) seeking solutions to combinatorial optimization problems. An optimization ratio on makespan %, resource utilization and computational cost performs better for SFLA–RSO with clustering when the number of tasks are increased.
The resonant converter (RC) is finding wide applications in many space and radar power supplies. Among various RCs LCL, LCC, and LCL-T topologies are broadly used. This manuscript presents a ...comparative evaluation of steady-state stability of LCL, LCC, and LCL-T resonant configurations. Careful analysis favors LCL RC among the aforementioned three configurations since the stability region is good for the LCL RC over the other configurations. Also, this paper presents a comparative evaluation of proportional integral (PI) controller and fuzzy logic controller for a modified LCL RC. The aforementioned controllers are simulated using MATLAB and their performance is analyzed. The outcome of the analysis shows the superiority of fuzzy control over the conventional PI control method. The LCL RC is proposed for applications in many space and radar power supplies. Design, simulation, and experimental results for a 133-W, 50-kHz LCL RC are presented in this manuscript which provide high efficiency (greater than 89%) even for 50% of load. Efficiencies greater than 80% are obtained at significantly reduced loads (11%). In this paper, the applicability of the Philips advanced RISC machine processor LPC 2148 is also investigated for implementing the controller for an RC.
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