In MANET multicasting, forward and backward secrecy result in increased packet drop rate owing to mobility. Frequent rekeying causes large message overhead which increases energy consumption and ...end-to-end delay. Particularly, the prevailing group key management techniques cause frequent mobility and disconnections. So there is a need to design a multicast key management technique to overcome these problems. In this paper, we propose the mobility based key management technique for multicast security in MANET. Initially, the nodes are categorized according to their stability index which is estimated based on the link availability and mobility. A multicast tree is constructed such that for every weak node, there is a strong parent node. A session key-based encryption technique is utilized to transmit a multicast data. The rekeying process is performed periodically by the initiator node. The rekeying interval is fixed depending on the node category so that this technique greatly minimizes the rekeying overhead. By simulation results, we show that our proposed approach reduces the packet drop rate and improves the data confidentiality.
Breast Cancer one of the appalling diseases among the middle-aged women and it is a foremost threatening death possibility cancer in women throughout the world. Earlier prognosis and preclusion ...reduces the conceivability of death. The proposed system beseech various data mining techniques together with a real-time input data from a biosensor device to determine the disease development proportion. Surface acoustic waves (SAW) biosensor empowers a label-free, worthwhile and straight detection of HER-2/neu cancer biomarker. The output from the biosensor is fed into the proposed system as an input along with data collected from Winconsin dataset. The complete dataset are processed using data mining classification algorithms to predict the accuracy. The exactness of the proposed model is improved by ranking attributes by Ranker algorithm. The results of the proposed model are highly gifted with an accuracy of 79.25% with SVM classifier and an ROC area of 0.754 which is better than other existing systems. The results are used in designing the proper drug thereby improving the survivability of the patients.
Given the relatively poor understanding of the expression and functional effects of the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation on colorectal cancer (CRC), we attempted to measure its prognostic ...value and clinical significance. We comprehensively screened 37 m6A-related prognostic long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) with significant differences in expression based on 21 acknowledged regulators of m6A modification and data on 473 colorectal cancer tissues and 41 para-cancer tissues obtained from the TCGA database. Accordingly, we classified 473 CRC patients into two clusters by consensus clustering on the basis of significantly different survival outcomes. We also found a potential correlation between m6A-related prognostic lncRNAs and BRAF-KRAS expression, as well as immune cell infiltration. Then, we established a prognostic model by selecting 16 m6A-related prognostic lncRNAs via LASSO Cox analysis and grouped the CRC patients into low- and high-risk groups to calculate risk scores. Then, we performed stratified sampling to validate and confirm our model by categorising the 473 samples into a training group (
N
= 208) and a testing group (
N
= 205) in a 1:1 ratio. The survival curve showed a distinct clinical outcome in the low- and high-risk subgroups. We reconfirmed the reliability and independence of the prognostic model through various measures: risk curve, heat map and univariate and multivariate Cox analyses. To ensure that the outcomes were applicable to clinical settings, we performed stratified analyses on different clinical features, such as age, lymph node status and clinical stage. CRC patients with downregulated m6A-related gene expression, lower immune score, distant metastasis, lymph node metastasis or more advanced clinical staging had higher risk scores, indicating less-desirable outcomes. Moreover, we explored the immunology of colorectal cancer cells. The risk score showed positive correlations with eosinophils, M2 macrophages and neutrophils. In summary, our effort revealed the significance of m6A RNA methylation regulators in colorectal cancer, and the prognostic model we constructed may be used as an essential reference for predicting the outcome of CRC patients.
A home energy management system (HEMS) shows the energy used indoors so that the energy waste can be easily identified and reduced. Thermal comfort is related to the trend of energy use in buildings. ...We conducted a survey in a condominium equipped with a HEMS to determine the indoor thermal environment and various behaviors of the occupants taken for thermal comfort adjustment. The results showed that there is a large variation of indoor air temperatures according to season, floor and flat. We categorized families into two groups, one with higher and the other with lower average indoor temperatures. The indoor air temperature of the higher temperature group in summer was found to be higher than the recommended indoor temperature during the summer season in Japan. The higher temperature group tended to adopt behaviors, such as window opening and using a fan more often, than the lower temperature group. Due to the moderately high insulating levels in the building surveyed, the indoor air temperature of both groups was not low in winter. Heating was used less and irregular. The overall results indicate that the groups of families behaved differently to adjust the indoor thermal environment even though they were equipped with the same HEMS system.
Self-directed learning (SDL) is an essential aspect of adult education or andragogy, gaining significance in medical education with the introduction of competency-based medical education. The primary ...objective of this study is to assess the self-directed learning abilities of second-year medical undergraduates in Chennai, South India, and to identify potential challenges and gaps in their learning process.
A cross-sectional study was conducted among 82 second-year medical students attending self-directed learning sessions at a medical college in Chennai. Data were collected using the self-directed learning instrument (SDLI), a standardized questionnaire, administered through Google Forms. Participants' identities were maintained confidential. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Descriptive data were presented as proportions and percentages. Normally distributed quantitative data were expressed as mean and standard deviation. Non-normal continuous data were expressed as median and interquartile range (IQR).
The majority of the students (61%) demonstrated a high level of SDL ability, with a median score of 76. Students exhibited strong learning motivation (mean score 4.11) but struggled with planning and implementation (mean score 3.07). The maximum mean score was 4.11 for item 3 (constant improvement and excelling in learning), and the minimum mean score was 3.07 for item 11 (arranging and controlling learning time). The students showed high self-monitoring (mean score 3.76) and interpersonal communication skills (mean score 4.00).
SDL emerges as a boon for medical undergraduates in this study. By providing adequate training to faculty members on SDL implementation and guidance to students on planning and time management, SDL can play a pivotal role in enhancing medical education quality and fostering life-long learning among future medical professionals.
This paper presents a new approach to solving the short-term unit commitment problem using an evolutionary programming-based tabu search (TS) method. The objective of this paper is to find the ...generation scheduling such that the total operating cost can be minimized, when subjected to a variety of constraints. This also means that it is desirable to find the optimal generating unit commitment in the power system for the next H hours. Evolutionary programming, which happens to be a global optimization technique for solving unit commitment problem, operates on a system, which is designed to encode each unit's operating schedule with regard to its minimum up/down time. In this, the unit commitment schedule is coded as a string of symbols. An initial population of parent solutions is generated at random. Here, each schedule is formed by committing all of the units according to their initial status ("flat start"). Here, the parents are obtained from a predefined set of solutions (i.e., each and every solution is adjusted to meet the requirements). Then, a random decommitment is carried out with respect to the unit's minimum downtimes, and TS improves the status by avoiding entrapment in local minima. The best population is selected by evolutionary strategy. The Neyveli Thermal Power Station (NTPS) Unit-II in India demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed approach; extensive studies have also been performed for different power systems consisting of 10, 26, and 34 generating units. Numerical results are shown comparing the cost solutions and computation time obtained by using the evolutionary programming method and other conventional methods like dynamic programming, Lagrangian relaxation, and simulated annealing and tabu search in reaching proper unit commitment.
Remote sensing of flowers Athira, Kakkara; Jaishanker, Raghunathan Nair; C. Rajan, Sajeev ...
Ecological informatics,
December 2023, 2023-12-00, Letnik:
78
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The language of color pervades the natural world, with flowers being prime exemplars of communicating with color. Our understanding of floral colors is predominantly qualitative. It hinders the ...comprehensive decoding of information relayed through vibrant displays. Here we present the results of quantitative studies of floral colors by integrating hyperspectral remote sensing and color science. Further, we present the Indian Floral Spectral database, comprising spectral reflectance data for 686 angiosperm species in Kerala, India. Analysis of the elements in the database reveals intriguing insights into the altitudinal variability in human-perceived floral colors across nine angiosperm species. Our research introduces a novel approach that utilizes floral spectral reflectance data to study subtle changes in the landscape. Through the examination of floral color variations, we gain valuable insights into intra and inter-specific plant communications. The quantified floral colors posit as an objective plant trait, a prospective Tier I indicator of biodiversity targets.
•Study examines floral color as a key trait in plant reproduction during the reproductive phase.•Study explores objective floral color representation, reporting altitudinal variations in intra/inter-specific floral color via spectral reflectance.•Quantifying diverse floral colors across landscapes offers insight into natural selection's process and outcomes.•Altitudinal variability of inter and intraspecific floral colours is prominent and significant.•Quantified floral colours are prospective Tier I indicators of biodiversity targets of the sustainable development goals.
Porous silica with hierarchical organization of pore structure is desired for a variety of applications such as, chromatography, sensing, control release, scaffold for biomedical applications and ...catalysis. Highly porous polymers obtained from high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) templating route have attracted increasing attention of researchers due to their hierarchical porous and interconnected structure with high porosity and low density. The novel method adopted in our approach combines redox initiated polymerization using HIPE polymerization and an in-situ sol–gel processing technique followed by calcination to obtain highly porous materials. The obtained materials have reminiscent of polyHIPE morphology containing pores and interconnected pore throats in micrometer size range with mesopores on the wall of macropores. The effect of concentration of TEOS, volume of dispersed phase, crosslinker concentration, shear rate and surfactant concentration as well as variation in calcination temperatures on the properties of silica materials were examined.
•Basic insights into CCPFs and the studies related to bridges supported on CCPFs are provided.•Findings categorized based on the type of loading (static, cyclic, and dynamic), and methodology ...(experimental, analytical, and numerical) applied to the composite foundation.•Objective is to provide an overview of the current state-of-the-art of CCPFs.
Caissons and piles are two primary foundation types for deep-water bridges. Caissons are suitable for long-span bridges, deep alluvial deposits, liquefiable soils, and sufficient vessel collisions, but can be problematic due to sinking issues and inadequate earthquake resistance. Pile foundations are not suitable for deep water because of their extensive length, reduced rigidity, low vessel collision resistance, and difficulties in construction. A solution to the above problem can be a combination of caisson and piles, known as a Composite Caisson-Pile Foundation (CCPF), which considers the advantages of both foundation types, increasing their strengths without their flaws. After the caisson has reached the required depth, piles may be driven into it to construct a CCPF. Existing caisson foundations can be retrofitted using this approach. However, CCPFs have not been extensively employed due to a lack of thorough study on their geotechnical and structural behavior. This article reviews studies on CCPF systems under various loading condition types (static, cyclic, and dynamic) using different research methodologies (experimental, analytical, and numerical). Overall, this article provides basic insights into CCPFs and the studies related to bridges supported on CCPFs. The outcome of this study can benefit the foundation engineering community and provide a collective idea of this newly developed, innovative foundation system.
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