Display omitted
•Various bioanalytical method validation guidelines have been issued worldwide by different regulatory agencies.•This review provides summary to evaluate the different guidelines ...during bioanalytical method development and validation.•Different evaluation parameters such as matrix effect, incurred sample reanalysis and various stability aspects with an easy way for designing the bioanalytical method validation have been discussed.
The concepts, importance, and application of bioanalytical method validation have been discussed for a long time and validation of bioanalytical methods is widely accepted as pivotal before they are taken into routine use. United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) guidelines issued in 2001 have been referred for every guideline released ever since; may it be European Medical Agency (EMA) Europe, National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) Brazil, Ministry of Health and Labour Welfare (MHLW) Japan or any other guideline in reference to bioanalytical method validation. After 12 years, USFDA released its new draft guideline for comments in 2013, which covers the latest parameters or topics encountered in bioanalytical method validation and approached towards the harmonization of bioanalytical method validation across the globe. Even though the regulatory agencies have general agreement, significant variations exist in acceptance criteria and methodology. The present review highlights the variations, similarities and comparison between bioanalytical method validation guidelines issued by major regulatory authorities worldwide. Additionally, other evaluation parameters such as matrix effect, incurred sample reanalysis including other stability aspects have been discussed to provide an ease of access for designing a bioanalytical method and its validation complying with the majority of drug authority guidelines.
Kratom, Mitragyna speciosa Korth., is being widely consumed in the United States for pain management and the reduction of opioid withdrawal symptoms. The central nervous system (CNS) active alkaloids ...of kratom, including mitragynine, 7-hydroxymitragynine, and numerous additional compounds, are believed to derive their effects through opioid receptor activity. There is no literature describing the systemic exposure of many of these alkaloids after the consumption of kratom. Therefore, we have developed and validated a bioanalytical method for the simultaneous quantitation of 11 kratom alkaloids (mitragynine, 7-hydroxymitragynine, corynantheidine, speciogynine, speciociliatine, paynantheine, corynoxine, corynoxine-B, mitraphylline, ajmalicine, and isospeciofoline) in rat plasma. The validated method was used to analyze oral pharmacokinetic study samples of lyophilized kratom tea (LKT) and a marketed product, OPMS liquid shot, in rats. Among the 11 alkaloids, only mitragynine, 7-hydroxymitragynine, speciociliatine, and corynantheidine showed systemic exposure 8 h postdose, and the dose-normalized systemic exposure of these four alkaloids was higher (1.6–2.4-fold) following the administration of the commercial OPMS liquid. Paynantheine and speciogynine levels were quantifiable up to 1 h postdose, whereas none of the other alkaloids were detected. In summary, the method was successfully applied to quantify the exposure of individual kratom alkaloids after an oral dose of traditional or commercial products. This information will contribute to understanding the role of each alkaloid in the overall pharmacology of kratom and elucidating the pharmacokinetic differences between traditional and commercial kratom products.
Display omitted
Arteether (ART), an artemisinin derivative, is a life saving drug for multiple drug resistant malaria. It has a deliverance effect in Falciparum malaria and cerebral malaria. We have ...prepared solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) by high pressure homogenization (HPH) technique. ART-loaded SLN (ART-SLN) has been produced reproducibly with homogeneous particle size. ART-SLN was characterized for their size measured by Zetasizer Nano-ZS, Malvern, UK and by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and which was found to be 100±11.2nm. The maximum percentage entrapment efficiency (%EE) determined with the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been found to be 69±4.2% in ART-SLN-3. The release pattern from ART-SLN revealed that the release of ART is slow but time-dependent manner, which is desirable as it will help to protect the acid degradation of ART in stomach. The percentage cytotoxicity of blank SLN has been found within the acceptable range. The pharmacokinetics results indicated that ART-SLN-3 absorption has been significantly enhanced in comparison to ART in aqueous suspension and ART in ground nut oil (GNO) in rats. The % relative bioavailability (RB%) of ART-SLN to the ART in GNO and ART in aqueous suspension in rats was 169.99% and 7461%, respectively which was found to be significantly high in both the cases. From the results, it can be concluded that ART-SLN offers a new approach to improve the oral bioavailability of ART.
Display omitted
•Mitragynine and corynantheidine are potent inhibitors of human CYP2D6.•Moderate inhibitory effects of other kratom alkaloids on rest of the CYP450 enzymes.•Mitragynine and ...corynantheidine showed competitive inhibition of CYP2D6.•Mitragynine may lead to clinically significant adverse drug interactions with CYP2D6 substrates.
In vitro cytochrome P450 inhibition of major kratom alkaloids: mitragynine (MTG), speciogynine (SPG), speciocilliatine (SPC), corynantheidine (COR), 7-hydroxymitragynine (7HMG) and paynantheine (PAY) was evaluated using human liver microsomes (HLMs) to understand their drug-drug interaction potential. CYP450 isoform-specific substrates of CYP1A2, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4/5 were incubated in HLMs with or without alkaloids. Preliminary CYP450 inhibition (IC50) data were generated for each of these isoforms. In addition, the type of inhibition and estimation of the inhibition constants (Ki) of MTG and COR were determined. Among the tested alkaloids, MTG and COR were potent inhibitors of CYP2D6 (IC50, 2.2 and 4.2 μM, respectively). Both MTG and COR exhibited competitive inhibition of CYP2D6 activity and the Ki were found to be 1.1 and 2.8 μM, respectively. SPG and PAY showed moderate inhibition of CYP2D6 activity. Additionally, moderate inhibitory effects by SPC, MTG, and SPG were observed on CYP2C19 activity. Interestingly, inhibition of only midazolam hydroxylase CYP3A4/5 activity by COR, PAY, and MTG was observed while no inhibitory effect was observed when testosterone was used as a probe substrate. In conclusion, MTG and COR may lead to clinically significant adverse drug interactions upon coadministration of drugs that are substantially metabolized by CYP2D6.
Dietary isoflavones, popularly known as phytoestrogens, represent one of the most biologically active classes of flavonoids. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies provide convincing evidence ...regarding their beneficial effects on human health. These isoflavones are increasingly being investigated as potential alternate therapies for a range of hormone-dependent conditions, including cancer, menopausal symptoms, osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases. However, they exhibit poor oral bioavailability which limits their clinical utility in humans. The reason being, they are substrates of a plethora of enzymes and transporters and undergo extensive conjugative metabolism which facilitates their rapid elimination from biological systems. In addition, a number of experimental studies have also revealed that these isoflavones are potent inhibitors of various cytochrome P450 isoforms and transporters which play an important role in the disposition of many commonly prescribed drugs. Thus, there arise chances of observing clinically relevant herb-drug interactions which could sometimes be life-threatening. This review gives a comprehensive understanding of these dietary phytoestrogens with regard to their absorption, biodistribution and the role of enzyme-transporter interplay affecting their disposition in biological systems. Further, the effects of these phytoestrogens on the activity and kinetics of drug metabolizing enzymes and various clinically relevant influx/efflux transporters and the resulting diet-drug interactions have also been discussed.
•Formononetin and Biochanin A were found to be inhibitors of human and rat CYP1A2.•Formononetin is a competitive inhibitor of human CYP1A2 activity.•Biochanin A is a mixed-type inhibitor of rat ...CYP1A2 activity.•Minimal inhibitory effect of Formononetin and Biochanin A on other CYP isoforms.•Predicted in vivo interaction with CYP1A2 is significant at intestinal level.
Formononetin (FMN) and Biochanin A (BCA) are the principal isoflavones present in commercially available extracts of red clover that are widely been consumed for various health benefits. We investigated the in vitro effects of FMN and BCA on catalytic activity of human/rat cytochrome P450 enzymes to assess the drug interaction potential of red clover. IC50 and Ki values of FMN and BCA for CYPs were determined in human/rat liver microsomes. FMN and BCA showed concentration-dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 activity with IC50 values of 13.42 and 24.98μM in human liver microsomes and 38.57 and 11.86μM in rat liver microsomes, respectively. The mode of inhibition of human CYP1A2 by FMN was found to be competitive with apparent Ki value of 10.13±1.96μM. FMN also inhibited human CYP2D6. BCA exerted moderately inhibitory effects on human CYP2C9. The predicted in vivo inhibition for CYP1A2 was insignificant (R value <1.1) at hepatic level while at intestinal level, it was significant (R value >11). The inhibitory effects on other CYPs were found to be minimal. Red clover may be considered safe to be consumed along with co-prescribed medications; however, precaution must be taken while co-administering it with CYP1A2 substrates.
Isoflavonoids are the biologically active secondary metabolites of plants that are being used for several health promoting and restoring effects mediated through different pathways. Isoflavonoids are ...structurally similar to estrogens due to which also known as phytoestrogens and have shown potent estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activity. Association with large biological activity lead to the need of rapid, sensitive and precise quantitation of different isoflavonoids in different plant extracts, food materials and biological matrices as the biological activities mainly depends on the quantities and nature of isoflavonoids present in them. The characterisation, standardisation and quantification of herbal extracts or food products require techniques that are highly selective, sensitive and also provide mass measurement precisions and structural information. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectroscopy has made it possible to analyse and characterize several constituents and their metabolites in a single run along with high selectivity and sensitivity. In this review, we have summarised the application of LC–MS/MS for the identification and quantification of isoflavonoids reported for various plant extracts and food products along with their general extraction procedures and factors affecting extraction providing a view towards the conditions used for their analysis. The most suitable and widely acceptable extraction solvent system for the isoflavonoids is methanol or ethanol in combination with water ranging from 40 to 60 % organic solvent based on the type of tissues and the isoflavonoids to be extracted by different extraction techniques. ESI ionization with Q-TOF MS was the most useful detection system for the characterisation and quantification of the diverse isoflavonoids with molecular insights.
Isoformononetin (methoxy isoflavone) is a potent osteogenic isoflavone abundantly present in Butea monosperma, Pisum sativum, Mung bean, Machaerium villosum, Medicago sativa, and Glycine max. In the ...current study, an LC–ESI-MS/MS method for the simultaneous evaluation of isoformononetin (IFN), daidzein (DZN) and equol (EQL) was developed and validated in rat plasma using biochanin A as an internal standard. IFN, DZN, and EQL separation was achieved by using acetonitrile and acetic acid (0.1%) in the ratio of 90:10 (% v/v) as mobile phase under isocratic conditions at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min on Atlantis C18 (4.6 × 250 mm, 5.0 μm) column. The achieved method was linear within the concentration range of 0.5–500 ng/mL. The method was effectively applied to investigate the permeability, protein binding estimation and pharmacokinetics studies of IFN in rats. The PAMPA permeability of IFN was found to be high at pH 4.0 and 7.0. The protein binding was found to be about 91% of IFN. The oral bioavailability of IFN was found to be poor (21.6%). IFN was found to have a moderate clearance (2.9 L/h/kg) and a large apparent volume of distribution (12.1 L/kg). The plasma half-life (t1/2) and maximum attainable concentration (Cmax) of IFN at systemic circulation was found to be 1.9 ± 0.6 h and 269.3 ± 0.4 after oral administration.
Display omitted
•A rapid simultaneous LC-MS/MS method of isoformononetin, daidzein and equol in rat plasma was developed.•The method was sensitive with 0.5 ng/mL as lower limit of quantification for all analytes.•Comprehensive preclinical in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetics and permeability studies were investigated for first time.•Absolute bioavailability of isoformononetin was low (21.6%).
Kratom is widely consumed in the United States for self-treatment of pain and opioid withdrawal symptoms. Mitragynine is the most abundant alkaloid in kratom and is a μ-opioid receptor agonist. ...7-Hydroxymitragynine (7-HMG) is a mitragynine metabolite that is a more potent and efficacious opioid than its parent mitragynine. 7-HMG contributes to mitragynine’s antinociceptive effects in mice, but evidence suggests it may also have a higher abuse potential. This in vitro study demonstrates that 7-HMG is stable in rodent and monkey plasma but is unstable in human plasma. Surprisingly, in human plasma 7-HMG is converted to mitragynine pseudoindoxyl, an opioid that is even more potent than either mitragynine or 7-HMG. This novel metabolite is formed in human plasma to a much greater extent than in the preclinical species tested (mouse, rat, dog, and cynomolgus monkey) and due to its μ-opioid potency may substantially contribute to the pharmacology of kratom in humans to a greater extent than in other tested species.
PDF
