This phenomenological study, using a descriptive exploratory methodology, focused on nine therapists who had experienced the sudden death of a client. The study was aimed at gaining an in-depth, ...detailed understanding of therapists' experience of client sudden death. Data was collected by conducting in-depth, semi-structured interviews with therapists who volunteered to participate in the study. Interviews were carried out utilizing an interview guide that incorporated a series of open-ended questions addressing the grand tour research question and subquestions. The interview guide was loosely based on the theories of Sanders (1989) and Doka (1989). Research findings are presented through profiles of individual participants and by presenting a thematic analysis that includes excerpts from the interview data that fell within five overarching meta-themes: (1) Attachment in the Therapeutic Relationship; (2) Therapists' Bereavement; (3) The Therapist is Left Holding the Bag; (4) Coping with Client Sudden Death; and (5) Lessons Learned. The study revealed that: (1) the sudden death of a client is a unique death experience that exhibits features that are both similar to and different from other types of death that an individual will encounter; (2) therapists go through a process when a client dies that is both similar to and different from bereavement phase models presented in the literature; (3) a number of factors influence how a particular therapist might experience the death of a client, including the therapists' view of their professional role; (4) therapists found certain activities to be helpful when dealing with their experience of client sudden death; and (5) some therapists felt that the grief that they experienced was disenfranchised. Other dimensions of client sudden death are also addressed, including issues surrounding the therapists' decision whether or not to attend the client's funeral, some therapists' desire to finish their client's unfinished business, and the therapists' contact with the deceased client's family. The findings suggest a need to develop a body of literature that addresses therapists' experiences of client death. Implications for practice, training, and future research are also discussed.
Various dog breeds are remarkably different from each other not only in their sizes and shapes but also in behavioral traits, suggesting that some of these characteristics are under genetic control. ...However, little is known about genes related to behavioral traits in canine species. In humans, it has been reported that the dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4) indudes polymorphism at several regions that relate to personality or psychiatric disorders. In an earlier study by the authors of the present study, the polymorphisms in canine DRD4 exon III and exon I regions were reported. In the present study, a novel polymorphism in canine DRD4 intron II was found based on a 17 base pair insertion/deletion, and the two alleles detected were named P (shorter allele) and Q (longer allele). The allelic distribution in 28 breeds of dog, including a total of 1114 unrelated individuals, were then investigated. Both P and Q alleles were detected in most of the breeds investigated; however, the frequencies of P and Q differed greatly between breeds. With respect to classification based on breed origin, P arid Q alleles were frequent in Occidental and Oriental breeds, respectively. Furthermore, two subspecies of wolves, the ancestors of dogs, were analyzed for the comparison of allele frequencies with dogs, and the P allele was predominant in both European and Chinese wolves.
To ascertain the immune response capacity of Partridges to classical experimental and natural antigens, dose and time response curves to sheep red blood cells (SRBC), Newcastle disease virus (NDV) ...and Brucella abortus (Buck 19 strain), were determined in two strains reared in two different farms. 1 ml of 20% SRBC, 10(9) NDV particles and 10(7) Buck 19 microorganisms, gave optimal antibody responses seven (SRBC and Buck 19) or fourteen days after immunization. As far as SRBC is concerned, the antibody response was sex independent, but declined markedly in partridges older than 1 year. The immunization schedule used by us allow the identification of high and low responder animals. In fact, highly significant correlation in individual partridges between antibody titers obtained after two successive immunizations to an optimal SRBC dose given three weeks apart, was found. This fact, together with the observed great variability in the antibody response to the three antigens considered, should allow a selection for high and low responder lines, in order to improve the fitness toward environmental pathogens.
Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) as expressed in metric and meristic skull traits was analysed in a sample of 172 otters collected in Denmark between 1861 and 1994. Tissue levels of organochlorine ...pesticide residues and PCBs were determined and the correlation between contaminant concentration and FA was tested. A significant correlation was found between FA in different traits and the year of collection, but there was no significant correlation between FA and the concentration of contaminants. These results suggest that factors other than pesticides have affected the developmental stability of skulls in the Danish otter population. Among these, a population bottleneck following habitat fragmentation is discussed as a possible cause.
We sequenced mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from cytochrome b (cyt b) and the control region (CR) for all five extant species in the genus Tragopan. We incorporated information on comparative patterns and ...rates of molecular evolution into phylogenetic analyses, using both a single-gene and a combined data approach. Sequence variability was distributed heterogeneously among the three domains of CR and the three codon positions of cyt b, but the two genes evolved at comparable rates, on average, and produced concordant topologies independent of the method used for phylogenetic reconstructions. Phylogenetic trees suggest that Tragopan includes two main evolutionary lineages grouping caboti-temminckii (clade A), and blythii-satyra (clade B). A shorter CR sequence from one museum sample could not consistently resolve the position of T. melanocephalus. The mtDNA phylogeny is better supported than alternative topologies inferred from morphological and behavioral traits and is compatible with a mechanism of allopatric speciation of Tragopan in two different episodes about 4 and 2 million years ago. In those periods, the vicariant events that might have fostered allopatric speciation of Tragopan are represented by landscape changes that affected the Indohimalayan region after the sudden rising of the Himalayas less then 8 million years ago, and by climatic fluctuations during the Pleistocene less than 2 million years ago.
Tissue and blood samples from 180 fallow deer (Dama dama L.) belonging to an Italian free-ranging population were studied for biochemical variability by means of cellulose acetate and polyacrylamide ...gel electrophoresis. The 51 putative genetic loci successfully resolved showed a very low level of variability (P = 0.020, H = 0.006) in accordance with previously reported data on British and West German populations. That low biochemical polymorphism in European fallow deer populations is discussed taking into account the effects of natural bottlenecks and of domestication.
The distance between opistokranion and zygomatic process of frontal bone (A), the condylobasal length (X), and the total length of the mandible (M) were measured in skulls of the Eurasian otter ...collected in Denmark and in the east of Germany (Lausitz). The Danish population showed a strong reduction in size of the traits in males, and an increase with time in the variances of the traits in females, whereas in the Lausitzian population, no significant changes in the same traits over the same time period were observed. The skulls were also investigated for fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and a negative correlation was found between the size of a skull and FA in the males from both populations, whereas no correlations were found in the females.
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