A new flexible gridded dataset of sea surface temperature (SST) since 1850 is presented and its uncertainties are quantified. This analysis the Second Hadley Centre Sea Surface Temperature dataset ...(HadSST2) is based on data contained within the recently created International Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS) database and so is superior in geographical coverage to previous datasets and has smaller uncertainties. Issues arising when analyzing a database of observations measured from very different platforms and drawn from many different countries with different measurement practices are introduced. Improved bias corrections are applied to the data to account for changes in measurement conditions through time. A detailed analysis of uncertainties in these corrections is included by exploring assumptions made in their construction and producing multiple versions using a Monte Carlo method. An assessment of total uncertainty in each gridded average is obtained by combining these bias-correction-related uncertainties with those arising from measurement errors and undersampling of intragrid box variability. These are calculated by partitioning the variance in grid box averages between real and spurious variability. From month to month in individual grid boxes, sampling uncertainties tend to be most important (except in certain regions), but on large-scale averages bias-correction uncertainties are more dominant owing to their correlation between grid boxes. Changes in large-scale SST through time are assessed by two methods. The linear warming between 1850 and 2004 was 0.52° ± 0.19°C (95% confidence interval) for the globe, 0.59° ± 0.20°C for the Northern Hemisphere, and 0.46° ± 0.29°C for the Southern Hemisphere. Decadally filtered differences for these regions over this period were 0.67° ± 0.04°C, 0.71° ± 0.06°C, and 0.64° ± 0.07°C.
Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) and peptide YY (PYY), secreted by enteroendocrine L‐cells located most densely in the colon and rectum, are of fundamental importance in blood glucose and appetite ...regulation. In animal models, colonic administration of bile acids can stimulate GLP‐1 and PYY by TGR5 receptor activation. We evaluated the effects of taurocholic acid (TCA), administered as an enema, on plasma GLP‐1 and PYY, as well as gastrointestinal sensations in 10 healthy male subjects, and observed that rectal administration of TCA promptly stimulated secretion of both GLP‐1 and PYY, and increased fullness, in a dose‐dependent manner. These observations confirm that topical application of bile acids to the distal gut may have potential for the management of type 2 diabetes and obesity.
We present the Met Office Hadley Centre's sea ice and sea surface temperature (SST) data set, HadISST1, and the nighttime marine air temperature (NMAT) data set, HadMAT1. HadISST1 replaces the global ...sea ice and sea surface temperature (GISST) data sets and is a unique combination of monthly globally complete fields of SST and sea ice concentration on a 1° latitude‐longitude grid from 1871. The companion HadMAT1 runs monthly from 1856 on a 5° latitude‐longitude grid and incorporates new corrections for the effect on NMAT of increasing deck (and hence measurement) heights. HadISST1 and HadMAT1 temperatures are reconstructed using a two‐stage reduced‐space optimal interpolation procedure, followed by superposition of quality‐improved gridded observations onto the reconstructions to restore local detail. The sea ice fields are made more homogeneous by compensating satellite microwave‐based sea ice concentrations for the impact of surface melt effects on retrievals in the Arctic and for algorithm deficiencies in the Antarctic and by making the historical in situ concentrations consistent with the satellite data. SSTs near sea ice are estimated using statistical relationships between SST and sea ice concentration. HadISST1 compares well with other published analyses, capturing trends in global, hemispheric, and regional SST well, containing SST fields with more uniform variance through time and better month‐to‐month persistence than those in GISST. HadMAT1 is more consistent with SST and with collocated land surface air temperatures than previous NMAT data sets.
Diabet. Med. 29, 604–608 (2012)
Aims Postprandial glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) secretion and the ‘incretin effect’ have been reported to be deficient in Type 2 diabetes, but most studies have not ...controlled for variations in the rate of gastric emptying. We evaluated blood glucose, and plasma insulin, GLP‐1 and glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) responses to intraduodenal glucose in Type 2 diabetes, and compared these with data from healthy controls.
Methods Eight males with well‐controlled Type 2 diabetes, managed by diet alone, were studied on four occasions in single‐blind, randomized order. Blood glucose, and plasma insulin, GLP‐1, and GIP were measured during 120‐min intraduodenal glucose infusions at 1 kcal/min (G1), 2 kcal/min (G2) and 4 kcal/min (G4) or saline control.
Results Type 2 patients had higher basal (P < 0.0005) and incremental (P < 0.0005) blood glucose responses to G2 and G4, when compared with healthy controls. In both groups, the stimulation of insulin and GLP‐1 by increasing glucose loads was not linear; responses to G1 and G2 were minimal, whereas responses to G4 were much greater (P < 0.005 for each) (incremental area under the GLP‐1 curve 224 ± 65, 756 ± 331 and 2807 ± 473 pmol/l.min, respectively, in Type 2 patients and 373 ± 231, 505 ± 161 and 1742 ± 456 pmol/l.min, respectively, in healthy controls). The GLP‐1 responses appeared comparable in the two groups. In both groups there was a load‐dependent increase in plasma GIP with no difference between them.
Conclusions In patients with well‐controlled Type 2 diabetes, blood glucose, insulin and GLP‐1 responses are critically dependent on the small intestinal glucose load, and GLP‐1 responses are not deficient.
Abstract Challenges in classifying recurrent Plasmodium vivax infections constrain surveillance of antimalarial efficacy and transmission. Recurrent infections may arise from activation of dormant ...liver stages (relapse), blood-stage treatment failure (recrudescence) or reinfection. Molecular inference of familial relatedness (identity-by-descent or IBD) can help resolve the probable origin of recurrences. As whole genome sequencing of P. vivax remains challenging, targeted genotyping methods are needed for scalability. We describe a P. vivax marker discovery framework to identify and select panels of microhaplotypes (multi-allelic markers within small, amplifiable segments of the genome) that can accurately capture IBD. We evaluate panels of 50–250 microhaplotypes discovered in a global set of 615 P. vivax genomes. A candidate global 100-microhaplotype panel exhibits high marker diversity in the Asia-Pacific, Latin America and horn of Africa (median H E = 0.70–0.81) and identifies 89% of the polyclonal infections detected with genome-wide datasets. Data simulations reveal lower error in estimating pairwise IBD using microhaplotypes relative to traditional biallelic SNP barcodes. The candidate global panel also exhibits high accuracy in predicting geographic origin and captures local infection outbreak and bottlenecking events. Our framework is open-source enabling customised microhaplotype discovery and selection, with potential for porting to other species or data resources.
The outcome of recent studies has led to redefinition of concepts relating to the prevalence, pathogenesis and clinical significance of disordered gastric emptying in patients with diabetes mellitus. ...The use of scintigraphic techniques has established that gastric emptying is abnormally slow in approx. 30–50% of outpatients with long‐standing Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes, although the magnitude of this delay is modest in many cases. Upper gastrointestinal symptoms occur frequently and affect quality of life adversely in patients with diabetes, although the relationship between symptoms and the rate of gastric emptying is weak. Acute changes in blood glucose concentration affect both gastric motor function and upper gastrointestinal symptoms. Gastric emptying is slower during hyperglycaemia when compared with euglycaemia and accelerated during hypoglycaemia. The blood glucose concentration may influence the response to prokinetic drugs. Conversely, the rate of gastric emptying is a major determinant of post‐prandial glycaemic excursions in healthy subjects, as well as in Type 1 and Type 2 patients. A number of therapies currently in development are designed to improve post‐prandial glycaemic control by modulating the rate of delivery of nutrients to the small intestine.
Functional traits offer a rich quantitative framework for developing and testing theories in evolutionary biology, ecology and ecosystem science. However, the potential of functional traits to drive ...theoretical advances and refine models of global change can only be fully realised when species‐level information is complete. Here we present the AVONET dataset containing comprehensive functional trait data for all birds, including six ecological variables, 11 continuous morphological traits, and information on range size and location. Raw morphological measurements are presented from 90,020 individuals of 11,009 extant bird species sampled from 181 countries. These data are also summarised as species averages in three taxonomic formats, allowing integration with a global phylogeny, geographical range maps, IUCN Red List data and the eBird citizen science database. The AVONET dataset provides the most detailed picture of continuous trait variation for any major radiation of organisms, offering a global template for testing hypotheses and exploring the evolutionary origins, structure and functioning of biodiversity.
Existing morphological trait datasets for major taxonomic groups are highly incomplete, limiting their utility to ecologists and evolutionary biologists. We present a global dataset containing comprehensive morphological information, coupled with ecological and geographical variables, for all bird species. This detailed assessment of continuous trait variation across 11,009 species offers a global template for testing hypotheses and exploring the evolutionary origins, structure and functioning of biodiversity.
Nutrient feedback from the small intestine modulates upper gastrointestinal function and energy intake; however, the molecular mechanism of nutrient detection is unknown. In the tongue, sugars are ...detected via taste T1R2 and T1R3 receptors and signalled via the taste G-protein alpha-gustducin (G alpha(gust)) and the transient receptor potential ion channel, TRPM5. These taste molecules are also present in the rodent small intestine, and may regulate gastrointestinal function.
Absolute transcript levels for T1R2, T1R3, G alpha(gust) and TRPM5 were quantified in gastrointestinal mucosal biopsies from subjects with and without type 2 diabetes; immunohistochemistry was used to locate G alpha(gust). Effects of luminal glucose on jejunal expression of taste molecules were also quantified in mice.
T1R2, T1R3, G alpha(gust) and TRPM5 were preferentially expressed in the proximal small intestine in humans, with immunolabelling for G alpha(gust) localised to solitary cells dispersed throughout the duodenal villous epithelium. Expression of T1R2, T1R3, TRPM5 (all p<0.05) and G alpha(gust) (p<0.001) inversely correlated with blood glucose concentration in type 2 diabetes subjects but, as a group, did not differ from control subjects. Transcript levels of T1R2 were reduced by 84% following jejunal glucose perfusion in mice (p<0.05).
Taste molecules are expressed in nutrient detection regions of the proximal small intestine in humans, consistent with a role in "tasting". This taste molecule expression is decreased in diabetic subjects with elevated blood glucose concentration, and decreased by luminal glucose in mice, indicating that intestinal "taste" signalling is under dynamic metabolic and luminal control.
Digesting the pathogenesis of diabetic gastroparesis Jalleh, R.J.; Marathe, C.S.; Jones, K.L. ...
Journal of diabetes and its complications,
October 2021, 2021-10-00, 20211001, Letnik:
35, Številka:
10
Journal Article
Recenzirano
...while diabetic gastroparesis may be associated with debilitating symptoms, Kassander's report was prescient in indicating that the longstanding premise that symptoms were the outcome of abnormally ...delayed gastric emptying per se, was incorrect. First line management includes optimising glycaemic control, avoidance of foods that may provoke symptoms, and consuming smaller, more frequent meals. Anecdotal evidence indicates that these approaches are rarely adequate in controlling symptoms.5 Dopamine antagonists, such as metoclopramide and domperidone, are used frequently (the former can be administered subcutaneously or intranasally), but carry the risks of QTc prolongation and, for the former, tardive dyskinesia.6 The antibiotics, erythromycin and azithromycin, are motilin agonists and have been shown to accelerate gastric emptying, but also have a risk of QTc prolongation, particularly in the setting of drug interactions, and tachyphylaxis limits their efficacy in the longer term.7,8 Metoclopramide is approved by the FDA only for short-term treatment of diabetic gastroparesis and is not approved in the EU, while erythromycin and azithromycin are used ‘off-label’ for their prokinetic effects.9 The reduction in symptoms from these ‘prokinetic’ drugs is, in general, modest and long-term efficacy has not been established.5,6 The pathophysiology of diabetic gastroparesis is complex and multifactorial. In mouse models of diabetic gastroparesis, CD206+ macrophages, which produce HO1, are depleted and this may represent a potential therapeutic target.15 Nitric oxide (NO), an important cellular signalling molecule, modulates relaxation of smooth muscle and, consequently, accommodation of the fundus, relaxation of the pylorus and peristalsis of the small intestine.16 Cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is essential for the synthesis of NO by nNOS in animal models, and deficiency of BH4 has been associated with gastric dysmotility that is restored with administration of sepiapterin, a biochemical precursor of BH4.17 In the recent paper by Abell et al18 report on the effect of sepiapterin (CNSA-001) on gastric accommodation in diabetic gastroparesis.
BACKGROUND AND AIMSGastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, common in type 2 diabetes (T2D), are typically bothersome, socially embarrassing, and impact negatively on quality of life. They may also contribute ...to diabetes distress (DD), but this has never been formally evaluated. We aimed to investigate the relationships between GI symptoms, DD and depressive symptoms in a large cohort of individuals with T2D in Bangladesh.MATERIALS AND METHODS1406 unselected T2D individuals (female 58.8%; mean age 51.0 ± 12.5 years) from four diabetes clinics in Bangladesh completed validated questionnaires evaluating GI symptoms (PAGI-SYM), DD (DDS-17) and depressive symptoms (PHQ-9).RESULTS31.1% of participants reported GI symptoms (36.2% females, 23.7% males), while 51.1% had elevated DD and 37.8% depressive symptoms. GI symptoms exhibited independent relationships with both DD and depressive symptoms, and their likelihood was higher among those with DD (OR: 3.6 2.2-5.6 and with depressive symptoms (OR: 5.9 3.5-9.9).CONCLUSIONSGI symptoms are independently associated with both DD and depressive symptoms in people with T2D in Bangladesh.
PDF
