In recent years, the study of interleukins (ILs), crucial cytokines involved in immune response and inflammation, has garnered significant attention within the sphere of cardiovascular diseases ...(CVDs). The research has provided insights into the involvement of ILs in diverse CVDs, including arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, and heart failure (HF). ILs have emerged as promising therapeutic targets for drug interventions through their involvement in disease development and progression. This comprehensive review provides a detailed overview of ILs, elucidating their functions within the immune system and offering insights into their specific contributions to various CVDs. Moreover, the article delves into the examination of current and potential drug therapies that selectively target ILs in the management of CVDs, presenting a comprehensive analysis of the advantages and disadvantages associated with these therapeutic approaches. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to investigate the involvement of ILs in CVDs. The relevant articles were searched on PubMed, PubMed Central, Medline, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect databases. The search encompassed articles published from these databases' inception until July 12, 2023. We first examine generalized aspects of ILs, particularly CVDs. Then, we shift focus towards examining the direct impact of ILs on cardiac cells and tissue; on the immune system and inflammation; endothelial cells and vascular function; and finally, their interactions with other signaling pathways and molecules. Then, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of various ILs. Sequentially, we delve into a comprehensive analysis of the individualized role of each distinct IL in diverse CVDs, examining their specific contributions. Finally, we explore the potential for targeted drug therapy to modulate IL activity, aiming to enhance outcomes for patients burdened with CVD. The objective is the identification of gaps in current knowledge and highlight areas that require further investigation within the context of cardiovascular medicine. Through deepening our comprehension of the intricate involvement of ILs in CVDs and harnessing their potential for targeted drug therapy, novel treatment strategies can be devised, leading to improved patient outcomes in cardiovascular medicine.
Revolutionary advancements in regenerative medicine have brought stem cell therapy to the forefront, offering promising prospects for the regeneration of ischemic cardiac tissue. Yet, its full ...efficacy, safety, and role in treating ischemic heart disease (IHD) remain limited. This literature review explores the intricate mechanisms underlying stem cell therapy. Furthermore, we unravel the innovative approaches employed to bolster stem cell survival, enhance differentiation, and seamlessly integrate them within the ischemic cardiac tissue microenvironment. Our comprehensive analysis uncovers how stem cells enhance cell survival, promote angiogenesis, and modulate the immune response. Stem cell therapy harnesses a multifaceted mode of action, encompassing paracrine effects and direct cell replacement. As our review progresses, we underscore the imperative for standardized protocols, comprehensive preclinical and clinical studies, and careful regulatory considerations. Lastly, we explore the integration of tissue engineering and genetic modifications, envisioning a future where stem cell therapy reigns supreme in regenerative medicine.
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is a widely used therapy for coronary artery disease (CAD), but it carries risks and complications. Adhering to evidence-based practice guidelines is crucial ...for optimal outcomes. This review compares the recommendations of the 2021 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association/Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (ACC/AHA/SCAI) and 2018 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines for coronary artery revascularization and discusses emerging trends and novel devices in PCI. A comprehensive literature review of mixed studies, clinical trials, and guidelines was conducted. Intravascular imaging, including intravascular ultrasound and optical coherence tomography, for stent optimization, is also recommended when feasible. However, differences reflecting variations in evidence quality interpretation and applicability were identified. Furthermore, novel devices and technologies with the potential for improving outcomes were highlighted, but their safety and efficacy compared to standard-of-care techniques require further evaluation through extensive randomized trials. Clinicians should stay updated on advancements and personalize treatment decisions based on individual patient factors. Future research should address evidence gaps and barriers to adopting innovative devices and techniques. This review provides recommendations for clinical practice, emphasizing the need to remain current with the evolving landscape of PCI to optimize patient outcomes. The discoveries provide valuable counsel for the deliberation of clinical interventions and prospective inquiries within the realm of interventional cardiology. Overall, the review underscores the importance of evidence-based practice and ongoing advancements in PCI for CAD management.
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a complex condition characterized by myocardial ischemia or infarction which can lead to significant morbidity and death. Antiplatelet drugs play a crucial role in ...the management of ACS and have been shown to minimize the incidence of significant adverse cardiovascular events and recurrent myocardial infarction (MI). This comprehensive literature review is intended to summarize current information on the effectiveness, safety, and function of frequently used antiplatelet medications in treating ACS. Aspirin, clopidogrel, prasugrel, ticagrelor, abciximab, tirofiban, dipyridamole, cilostazol, and novel antiplatelets are included in the review. Aspirin's effectiveness as a first-line antiplatelet medication in ACS is well established. It has significantly lowered the risk of serious adverse cardiovascular events. Clopidogrel, prasugrel, and ticagrelor are P2Y12 receptor inhibitors found to lower the incidence of recurrent ischemia episodes in ACS patients. Using glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors such as abciximab, tirofiban, and eptifibatide is effective in managing ACS, especially in high-risk patients. Dipyridamole effectively reduces the risk of recurrent ischemic events in patients with ACS, particularly when used with aspirin. Cilostazol, a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, has also been shown to reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients with ACS. Antiplatelet drugs' safety in managing ACS has also been well established. Aspirin is generally well-tolerated with a low risk of adverse effects, although the risk of bleeding events, particularly gastrointestinal bleeding, cannot be eliminated. The P2Y12 receptor inhibitors have been associated with a small increase in the risk of bleeding events, particularly in patients with a high risk of bleeding. The glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors are associated with a higher risk of bleeding than other antiplatelet drugs, especially in high-risk patients. To summarize, antiplatelet drugs play a crucial role in the management of ACS, and the efficacy and safety of these drugs have been well-established in the literature. The choice of antiplatelet drugs will depend on the patient's risk factors, including age, comorbidities, and bleeding risk. The novel antiplatelets may offer new therapeutic options for managing ACS, and further studies are needed to determine their role in managing this complex condition.
The data article investigates the role of coping strategies, psychological and social well-being in the time of stress due to the effects of technology. Increased technology in the life of students ...introduces complexities, uncertainty, and overload in higher education institutes. This data provides an ideal research scope for examining the effects of coping strategies on social and psychological well-being. The present dataset includes three hundred and one (301) survey questionnaires from university students in Surabaya city, Java Timor province, by using simple random sampling techniques. This article includes information on reliability and factor loadings, as well as results of regression analyses.
Li-air batteries attract abundant attention in recent years with superior performance, and have largely replaced traditional methods of energy storage. The main objective of Li–air battery is to ...provide long-range electric-vehicles, while functioning as an environmentally friendly and compact energy storage solution. They offer the highest theoretical energy density (3500 Wh/kg), almost 20% higher than the ordinary Li-ion batteries. Nonetheless, Li-air batteries still face numerous issues, the most serious of which are high overpotential and parasitic reactions. Several redox mediators (RM) have been studied in order to reduce the high overpotential and the influence of side reactions. RM function in the electrolyte as soluble catalysts, limiting the formation of singlet oxygen while promoting the formation of discharge product Li2O2. This research primarily focuses on the optimization of Li-air cells with different redox mediators in conjunction with appropriate electrolyte, as a result reducing overpotential, parasitic byproducts and increasing efficiency. Under standard electrolytic conditions, ruthenocene exhibits high stability by completing 83 cycles, thus outperforming the other mediators being investigated. Further, di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone is more commonly used for discharge reaction and has been shown to increase the capacity of Li–O2 batteries by 80 times. This study reconfirms lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide in tetraethyleneglycol dimethylether as the most stable electrolyte.
Display omitted
•LABs offer high energy density but pose overpotential and parasitic reactions.•Redox mediators or soluble catalysts are studied to reduce overpotential issues.•Ruthenocene is highly stable and outperforms all other mediators.•DBBQ is commonly used for discharge and increases the capacity of LABs 80 times.
Soil salinity and drought stress (DS) are the massive problem for worldwide agriculture. Both stresses together become more toxic to the plant growth and development. Silicon (Si) being the second ...most abundant element in the earth's crust, exerts beneficial effects on plants under both stress and non-stress conditions. However, limited information is available to substantiate the beneficial role of Si in delaying the premature leaf senescence and imparting tolerance of mustard (Brassica juncea L.) plants to salinity and DS. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the role of Si (source K2SiO3) in chlorophyll (Chl) biosynthesis, nutrients uptake, relative water content (RWC), proline (Pro) metabolism, antioxidant system and delaying of premature leaf senescence in mustard plants under sodium chloride (NaCl) and DS conditions. Results of this study show that exogenous Si (1.7 mM) significantly delayed the salt plus DS-induced premature leaf senescence. This was further accompanied by the enhanced nutrients accumulation and activity of chlorophyll metabolizing enzymes δ-aminolevulinic acid (δ-ALA) dehydratase and porphobilinogen deaminase and levels of δ-ALA, and Chls a and b and also by decreased the Chl degradation and Chl degrading enzymes (Chlorophyllase, Chl-degrading peroxidase, pheophytinase) activity. Exogenous Si treatment induced redox homoeostasis in B. juncea L. plants, which is evident by a reduced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting due to suppressed activity of their generating enzymes (glycolate oxidase and NADPH oxidase) and enhanced defence system. Furthermore, application of Si inhibited the activity of protease and triggered the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase) and plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity. In conclusion, all these results reveal that Si could help in the modulation of Chl metabolism, redox hemostasis, and the regulation of nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, Si and potassium) uptake in the mustard plants that lead to the postponement of premature leaf senescence under salinity plus DS.
Display omitted
•Salinity and drought stress induce premature leaf senescence.•Si induces delay in premature leaf senescence.•Si improves nutrient acquisition in mustard plants.•Si modulates chlorophyll and proline metabolism in plant.•Si regulates antioxidant enzymes activity in salinity and drought stressed-plant.
The application of nanoparticles (NPs) has been proved as an efficient and promising technique for mitigating a wide range of stressors in plants. The present study elucidates the synergistic effect ...of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) and silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) in the attenuation of Cd toxicity in
. Seeds of
were treated with IONPs (10 mg/L) and SiNPs (20 mg/L). Seedlings of uniform size were transplanted to pots for 40 days. The results demonstrated that nanoparticles (NPs) enhanced growth, net photosynthetic rate, and gas exchange attributes in
plants grown in Cd-contaminated soil. Synergistic application of IONPs and SiNPs raised not only K
content, but also biosynthesis of polyamines (PAs), which alleviated Cd stress in
seedlings. Additionally, NPs decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content and electrolyte leakage (EL) in
plants exposed to Cd stress. These findings suggest that stress alleviation was mainly attributed to the enhanced accumulation of K
content, improved antioxidant defense system, and higher spermidine (Spd) and putrescine (Put) levels. It is suggested that various forms of NPs can be applied synergistically to minimize heavy metal stress, thus increasing crop production under stressed conditions.
In past decade, electrochemical energy storage gained undivided attention with the increase in electrical energy demand for the usage of new technology such as moveable electronics. Li-ion batteries ...(LIB) have been the most successful energy storage system with their long-life cycle and efficiency, lower energy density, and notable cost effectiveness with small-scale energy storage. However, with large-scale energy storage and for long duration, work still needs done to make LIB efficient on such a scale as well. Recently Li–air batteries have been suggested as potential energy storage systems that can provide the solution for large- and long-term electrical energy storage. The Li–air battery utilizes the catalyst-based redox reaction, and still, it is not applicable commercially due to low current density, poor life cycle, and energy efficiency. Generally, such problems are associated with the materials used as an electrocatalyst and on the selection of the electrolyte. Herein, we briefly review the current advancements in the field of electrocatalysts for Li–air batteries which hinders their improvement toward commercial applications, and this review also provides an outlook for future Li–air battery systems.
Increasing human population and changing climate, which have given rise to frequent drought spells, pose a serious threat to global food security, while identification of high yielding drought ...tolerant genotypes remains a proficient approach to cope with these challenges. To offer a methodology for the evaluation of the drought-tolerant wheat genotypes based on the pheno-physiological traits, a field experiment was executed, entailing four wheat genotypes viz. BARI Gom 26, BAW 1158, BAW 1167, and BAW 1169 and two water conditions viz. control treatment (three times irrigation at 20, 50, and 70 DAS, i.e., 100% field capacity) and stressed treatment (no irrigation during the entire growing season). The results revealed that drought stress drastically reduced the days to booting, heading, anthesis and physiological maturity, relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll content, canopy temperature depression (CTD), and photo-assimilates-spike dry matter (SDM), grains spike−1 and grain yield of all wheat genotypes. In addition, the genotypes BAW 1167 and BARI Gom 26 remained more prone to adverse effects of drought as compared to BAW 1169 and BAW 1158. Furthermore, DS induced biosynthesis of compatible solutes such as proline, especially in BAW 1169, which enabled plants to defend against oxidative stress. It was inferred that BAW 1169 remained superior by exhibiting the best adaptation as indicated by the maximum relative values of RWC, total chlorophyll, CTD, proline content, SDM, grains spike−1, and grain yield of wheat. Thus, based on our findings, BAW 1169 may be recommended for general adoption and utilization in future wheat breeding programs aimed at developing potent drought-tolerant wheat genotypes to ensure food security on a sustainable basis.
PDF
