Renal cell carcinoma is a common malignancy with many histologic subtypes. Appropriate treatment depends not only upon the specific subtype but also the size of the tumor and extent of spread at time ...of presentation. Approximately 5% of RCCs are part of a hereditary syndrome which must also be considered in the therapeutic decisions. Although some RCCs are detected with ultrasound, CT or MR is required for staging. CT is used most commonly as it is most readily available and relatively less expensive than MR imaging. The TNM classification of the American Joint Committee on Cancer has largely replaced the Robson classification. Early detection, accurate staging, and improved treatment options have resulted in improved 5-year survival of patients with renal carcinoma.
The microtubule-associated protein tau accumulates in Alzheimer's and other fatal dementias, which manifest when forebrain neurons die. Recent advances in understanding these disorders indicate that ...brain dysfunction precedes neurodegeneration, but the role of tau is unclear. Here, we show that early tau-related deficits develop not from the loss of synapses or neurons, but rather as a result of synaptic abnormalities caused by the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau within intact dendritic spines, where it disrupts synaptic function by impairing glutamate receptor trafficking or synaptic anchoring. Mutagenesis of 14 disease-associated serine and threonine amino acid residues to create pseudohyperphosphorylated tau caused tau mislocalization while creation of phosphorylation-deficient tau blocked the mistargeting of tau to dendritic spines. Thus, tau phosphorylation plays a critical role in mediating tau mislocalization and subsequent synaptic impairment. These data establish that the locus of early synaptic malfunction caused by tau resides in dendritic spines.
► Tau proteins were aberrantly targeted to dendritic spines by the P301L mutation ► Phosphorylation controls tau mislocalization to dendritic spines ► Once mislocalized to spines, tau suppressed excitatory synaptic transmission ► Mislocalized tau proteins cause loss of surface AMPA receptors in spines
A human factors perspective on automated driving Kyriakidis, M.; de Winter, J. C. F.; Stanton, N. ...
Theoretical issues in ergonomics science,
05/2019, Letnik:
20, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Automated driving can fundamentally change road transportation and improve quality of life. However, at present, the role of humans in automated vehicles (AVs) is not clearly established. Interviews ...were conducted in April and May 2015 with 12 expert researchers in the field of human factors (HFs) of automated driving to identify commonalities and distinctive perspectives regarding HF challenges in the development of AVs. The experts indicated that an AV up to SAE Level 4 should inform its driver about the AV's capabilities and operational status, and ensure safety while changing between automated and manual modes. HF research should particularly address interactions between AVs, human drivers and vulnerable road users. Additionally, driver-training programmes may have to be modified to ensure that humans are capable of using AVs. Finally, a reflection on the interviews is provided, showing discordance between the interviewees' statements - which appear to be in line with a long history of HFs research - and the rapid development of automation technology. We expect our perspective to be instrumental for stakeholders involved in AV development and instructive to other parties.
•We examined the relationship between the driver behaviour questionnaire (DBQ) subscales and objective measures of speed in two datasets (an instrumented vehicle study, and a simulator study).•The ...DBQ violation sub-scale was generally associated with objectively-measured speed choice in both datasets.•DBQ error and lapse subscales were not associated with objectively-measured speed choice.•The findings support the view that DBQ is a valid measure of driving behaviour, and that driving simulation has relative validity.
Data from two previously published studies were used to examine the correlations between scores on the violation, error and lapse sub-scales of the driver behaviour questionnaire, and observed driving speed. One dataset utilised data from an instrumented vehicle, which recorded driver speed on bends on a rural road. The other utilised data from a driving simulator study. Generally in both datasets the DBQ violation subscale was associated with objectively-measured speed, while the error and lapse sub-scales were not. These findings are consistent with the idea that the DBQ is a valid measure of observed behaviour in real driving (its original intended use) and also in simulated driving. The fact that associations were the same in real and simulated driving lends further support to the relative validity of driving simulation. The need for larger and more focused studies examining the role of different motivations in different driving situations is discussed.
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