A wide variety of new phenomena such as novel magnetization configurations have been predicted to occur in three dimensional magnetic nanostructures. However, the fabrication of such structures is ...often challenging due to the specific shapes required, such as magnetic tubes and spirals. Furthermore, the materials currently used to assemble these structures are predominantly magnetic metals that do not allow to study the magnetic response of the system separately from the electronic one. In the field of spintronics, the prototypical material used for such experiments is the ferrimagnetic insulator yttrium iron garnet (Y\(_3\)Fe\(_5\)O\(_{12}\), YIG). YIG is one of the best materials especially for magnonic studies due to its low Gilbert damping. Here, we report the first successful fabrication of YIG thin films via atomic layer deposition. To that end we utilize a supercycle approach based on the combination of sub-nanometer thin layers of the binary systems Fe\(_2\)O\(_3\) and Y\(_2\)O\(_3\) in the correct atomic ratio on Y\(_3\)Al\(_5\)O\(_{12}\) substrates with a subsequent annealing step. Our process is robust against typical growth-related deviations, ensuring a good reproducibility. The ALD-YIG thin films exhibit a good crystalline quality as well as magnetic properties comparable to other deposition techniques. One of the outstanding characteristics of atomic layer deposition is its ability to conformally coat arbitrarily-shaped substrates. ALD hence is the ideal deposition technique to grant an extensive freedom in choosing the shape of the magnetic system. The atomic layer deposition of YIG enables the fabrication of novel three dimensional magnetic nanostructures, which in turn can be utilized for experimentally investigating the phenomena predicted in those structures.
Since the introduction of new German health legislation, operations formerly performed on an in-patient basis have been transferred to the out-patient sector. Due to this development evaluating the ...postnarcotic arousal period has become increasingly important. Vigilance, reactivity and state of health determine a patient's well-being and time of discharge after an operation and consequently influence economical and legal issues. Former studies investigating the arousal period have mainly focused on patient interviews and assessment of patients by staff. The aim of our study was to objectivize postnarcotic vigilance and reactivity (critical flicker fusion frequency and multiple choice reaction) using neurophysiological monitoring (psychometric system Combitest 2: CFF, EWR, MWR). The applied methods have been defined as valid, reliable and sensitive tools to investigate this question. Inter-individual and gender-specific differences as well as variations due to the type of anaesthetic employed can be detected. The study participants assessed the test battery's practicability and overall described this method as easy to use. Vigilance (CFF), basic and complex sensomotor reactivity (performance in simple and multiple choice tests) were restored after a postanaesthetic phase of 90 minutes (narcotics applied: isofluran and propofol). The results show that the use of modern anaesthetics does not justify the current medical and legal claim to 6 hours of postanaesthetic observation. The computer-supported psychometric system Combitest 2 has recently been used to assess the arousal phase after application of different types of anaesthetical procedures (TIVA, volatile, balanced) and has been found to be superior to parameters traditionally used to assess discharge criteria (time until patient opens eyes, orientation concerning time and location, time spent in postanaesthetic recovery room). Besides employing our study methods, subjective factors such as well-being and pain sensation should also be evaluated when determining the time of a patient's discharge.
This paper analyzes the validity of so-far untested indicators of patent value to enhance the quality of patent assessments using indicators at the corporate level. The article expands the theory by ...eliciting patent attorneys’ filing rationales to maximize profits from protecting intellectual property, to inspire the computation of new value indicators, including patent full-texts. Then, based on a newly compiled data set consisting of 813 EP patents, the probability of an opposition against a patent is modeled by established and new value indicators. The results show that accelerated examination requests and qualified word counts enhance the quality of existing valuation methods.
Working with fewer hierarchical layers than has been the case traditionally is often considered critical for firms to become more innovative, speedier, and retain and attract gifted personnel in ...today’s world. The upside appears great, but so do the associated risks of creating a dysfunctional organization. I propose that systematically thinking through a series of classic organization design questions to shape a custom-tailored design is promising when delayering grown hierarchies or growing start-ups to remain flat. More promising than adopting any one fashionable management approach wholesale.
Proportional apportionment is the problem of assigning seats to states (resp. parties) according to their relative share of the population (resp. votes), a field heavily influenced by the early work ...of Michel Balinski, not least his influential 1982 book with Peyton Young (Fair representation, 2nd edn. Brookings Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 2001). In this article, we consider the computational cost of
divisor methods
(also known as
highest averages
methods), the de-facto standard solution that is used in many countries. We show that a simple linear-time algorithm can exactly simulate all instances of the family of divisor methods of apportionment by reducing the problem to a single call to a selection algorithm. All previously published solutions were iterative methods that either offer no linear-time guarantee in the worst case or require a complex update step that suffers from numerical instability.
We propose that the failure to adopt an idea or innovation can arise from an in-group bias among employees within an organizational subunit that leads the subunit's members to undervalue ...systematically ideas associated with members of the organization outside their subunit. Such biases in internal selection processes can stymie organizational adaptation and therefore depress the performance of the firm. Analyzing data on innovation proposals inside a large, multinational consumer goods firm, we find that evaluators are biased in favor of ideas submitted by individuals that work in the same division and facility as they do, particularly when they belong to small or high-status subunits.
Little is known about how corporate hierarchies influence managers' propensity to pass information upward within the firm. Two streams of literature arrive at seemingly conflicting and untested ...predictions. Information economists maintain that middle managers pass more suggestions up the firm's line of command as the corporate hierarchy increases in order to avoid corporate omission errors. In contrast, scholars of organizational psychology suggest that hierarchies lead to evaluation apprehension and foster a perceived lack of control among mid-level managers, leading to their reduced willingness to, and interest in, passing information up within the organization. Drawing on field data and model-guided experimental studies, we provide original empirical evidence for the relevance of all the mechanisms above, and we delineate the conditions under which either mechanism prevails.
Research summary: We investigate the conditions under which authority can be deployed without reducing subordinate motivation. We show that lateral authority, the legitimacy to resolve task-specific ...problems, is welcomed by members of an organization in the resolution of coordination conflicts, the more so (a) the fiercer the conflict to be resolved, (b) the higher the competence-based status of the authority, (c) the lower the tenure of, and (d) the more focused the organizational members are. Analyzing the discussion behavior of members of Wikipedia between 2002 and 2014, we corroborate our allegations empirically by analyzing 642,916 article-discussion pages. Our findings, obtained for a modern collective production community, provide learning opportunities for how traditional organizations may want to govern activities of their idiosyncratically motivated staff. Managerial summary: When managers use their (legitimate) power to take decisions on behalf of their staff, they risk setting back employees and making them detach from the firm. This danger is particularly salient whenever highly motivated teams of staff autonomously work on corporate problems and are used to governing themselves. Examples range from skunkwork initiatives within traditional firms to entire team-based organizations, such as Valve or Zappos. When and how managers can add value by resolving conflicts within and across these teams once their self-organization fails is what we study in this article. Inspired by data from Wikipedia, we suggest that managers should not intervene prematurely, benefit from visible competence, and are respected most for their actions by specialized peers who recently joined the organization.
We develop and test a theoretical framework that describes the organizational antecedents of value appropriation capabilities in the context of obtaining patent protection. We argue that intermediate ...levels of cross-functional involvement across intellectual property (IP) generation, protection, and utilization activities outperform very high or very low levels of functional specialization in terms of obtaining rapid patent protection; while these activities are distinct enough to generate gains from specialization, there are also significant gains to be generated by coordinating across them, which cross-functional involvement achieves. Using a unique dataset that combines survey and patent (application) data, and multiple estimation techniques, we test and find support for our arguments.
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