During the past two decades, the technological progress of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) had changed the fields of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, and, currently, is changing the ...underlying principles, approaches, and fundamentals of Public Health, Epidemiology, Health Economics, and national productivity. Today's WGS technologies are able to compete with conventional techniques in cost, speed, accuracy, and resolution for day-to-day control of infectious diseases and outbreaks in clinical laboratories and in long-term epidemiological investigations. WGS gives rise to an exciting future direction for personalized Genomic Epidemiology. One of the most vital and growing public health problems is the emerging and re-emerging of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections in the communities and healthcare settings, reinforced by a decline in antimicrobial drug discovery. In recent years, retrospective analysis provided by WGS has had a great impact on the identification and tracking of MDR microorganisms in hospitals and communities. The obtained genomic data are also important for developing novel easy-to-use diagnostic assays for clinics, as well as for antibiotic and therapeutic development at both the personal and population levels. At present, this technology has been successfully applied as an addendum to the real-time diagnostic methods currently used in clinical laboratories. However, the significance of WGS for public health may increase if: (a) unified and user-friendly bioinformatics toolsets for easy data interpretation and management are established, and (b) standards for data validation and verification are developed. Herein, we review the current and future impact of this technology on diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and control of MDR infectious bacteria in clinics and on the global scale.
The electromagnetic CsI(Tl) calorimeter is one of the key systems in the Belle II detector. The calorimeter is aimed primarily at efficiently detecting photons over a wide energy range from several ...tens of MeV units to
GeV. A highly efficient data acquisition system is required for a continuous readout of signal events at a trigger rate corresponding to the maximum collider luminosity. Problems solved by such a system for the calorimeter of the Belle II detector are described.
This paper describes the implementation and performance of CsI(Tl) pulse shape discrimination for the Belle II electromagnetic calorimeter, representing the first application of CsI(Tl) pulse shape ...discrimination for particle identification at an electron–positron collider. The pulse shape characterization algorithms applied by the Belle II calorimeter are described. Control samples of γ, μ+, π±, K± and p∕p̄ are used to demonstrate the significant insight into the secondary particle composition of calorimeter clusters that is provided by CsI(Tl) pulse shape discrimination. Comparisons with simulation are presented and provide further validation for newly developed CsI(Tl) scintillation response simulation techniques, which when incorporated with GEANT4 simulations allow the particle dependent scintillation response of CsI(Tl) to be modelled. Comparisons between data and simulation also demonstrate that pulse shape discrimination can be a new tool to identify sources of improvement in the simulation of hadronic interactions in materials. The KL0 efficiency and photon-as-hadron fake-rate of a multivariate classifier that is trained to use pulse shape discrimination is presented and comparisons are made to a shower-shape based approach. CsI(Tl) pulse shape discrimination is shown to reduce the photon-as-hadron fake-rate by over a factor of 3 at photon energies of 0.2 GeV and over a factor 10 at photon energies of 1 GeV.
A new type of a refractive index sensor based on all-dielectric gradient metasurface was proposed and analyzed with making use of the finite element method (FEM). A new method of optical data ...processing which is based on intensity distribution over several diffraction orders was suggested. The intensity sensitivity of 4450%/RIU and the phase sensitivity of 1200°/RIU were demonstrated. Keywords: All-dielectric metasurface, Refractive index sensor, Data processing, Nano-optics, Gradient metasurface
The electromagnetic calorimeter (ECL) is one of the primary subsystems of the Belle II detector, used to measure the direction and momentum of photons in a wide energy range. The ECL and its data ...acquisition system include 8736 CsI(Tl) counters and 628 highly configurable modules for data readout. Several features both in the firmware and in the software were implemented to ensure efficient operation during data taking. This paper describes the development of ECL firmware, corresponding configuration, initialization and monitoring software, along with the development of ECL run control.
Trigger slow control system of the Belle II experiment Kim, C.-H.; Unno, Y.; Cho, H.E. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
10/2021, Letnik:
1014
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The Belle II experiment at the SuperKEKB e+e− collider in KEK, Japan, started physics data-taking with a complete detector from early 2019. An online trigger system is indispensable for the Belle II ...experiment to reduce the beam background events associated with high electron and positron beam currents without sacrificing the target physics-oriented events. During the Belle II operation upon beam collision, the trigger system must be consistently controlled and its status must be carefully monitored in the process of data acquisition against unexpected situations. For this purpose, we have developed a slow control system for the newly developed Belle II trigger system based on the custom-made Belle II DAQ/slow control package. Around seventy thousand configuration parameters are saved in the Belle II central database server for every run when a run starts and stops. These parameters play an essential role in offline validation of the quality of runs. Around three thousand real-time variables are stored in the Belle II main archiving server, and the trend of some of these variables are regularly used for online and offline monitoring purposes. Various operator interface tools have been prepared and used. When the configuration parameters are not correctly applied, or some of the processes are unexpectedly terminated, the slow control system detects it, stops the data-taking process, and generates an alarm. In this article, we report how we constructed the Belle II trigger slow control system, and how we successfully managed to operate during its initial stage.
We present the study of a fuzzy clustering algorithm for the Belle II electromagnetic calorimeter using Graph Neural Networks. We use a realistic detector simulation including simulated beam ...backgrounds and focus on the reconstruction of both isolated and overlapping photons. We find significant improvements of the energy resolution compared to the currently used reconstruction algorithm for both isolated and overlapping photons of more than 30% for photons with energies
E
γ
<
0.5
Ge
V
and high levels of beam backgrounds. Overall, the GNN reconstruction improves the resolution and reduces the tails of the reconstructed energy distribution and therefore is a promising option for the upcoming high luminosity running of Belle II.
The dependence of the peak current in the
I
–
V
characteristic of a resonant tunneling diode on the emitter spacer thickness has been investigated by numerically solving the Schrödinger equation. ...This dependence has pronounced maxima in which the peak current greatly exceeds that in minima. The mechanism of the formation of maxima has been revealed. These maxima are caused by the overlap of the emitter spacer level and the resonant level of the quantum well. The influence of electron-electron interaction on the effect has been studied; it is shown that the interaction barely affects the peak current in the forward bias direction and somewhat decreases it in the reverse direction.
Using the numerical solution to the Schrödinger equation, current-voltage characteristics of the resonant-tunneling diode with spacer layers were obtained. The dependences of the peak current of the ...resonant-tunneling diode on the emitter spacer width were plotted. It was shown that the peak current depends periodically on the emitter spacer width. The constructed electron density diagrams showed that the increase in the peak current is associated with the resonant level in the emitter spacer region.
The self-consistent solution for the Schrödinger and Poisson equations in the Hartree-Fock approximation is applied to the study of the effect of electron-electron interaction on the high-frequency ...characteristics for a double-well nanostructure. The response and the emission efficiency of the structure in a high or low alternating electromagnetic field are calculated. It is shown that the electron-electron interaction does not noticeably reduce the emission efficiency or change the resonance frequency.
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