Widespread in the subtropics and tropics of the Southern Hemisphere, savannas are highly heterogeneous and seasonal natural vegetation types, which makes change detection (natural vs. anthropogenic) ...a challenging task. The Brazilian Cerrado represents the largest savanna in South America, and the most threatened biome in Brazil owing to agricultural expansion. To assess the native Cerrado vegetation (NV) areas most susceptible to natural and anthropogenic change over time, we classified 33 years (1985–2017) of Landsat imagery available in the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. The classification strategy used combined empirical and statistical decision trees to generate reference maps for machine learning classification and a novel annual dataset of the predominant Cerrado NV types (forest, savanna, and grassland). We obtained annual NV maps with an average overall accuracy ranging from 87% (at level 1 NV classification) to 71% over the time series, distinguishing the three main NV types. This time series was then used to generate probability maps for each NV class. The native vegetation in the Cerrado biome declined at an average rate of 0.5% per year (748,687 ha yr−1), mostly affecting forests and savannas. From 1985 to 2017, 24.7 million hectares of NV were lost, and now only 55% of the NV original distribution remains. Of the remnant NV in 2017 (112.6 million hectares), 65% has been stable over the years, while 12% changed among NV types, and 23% was converted to other land uses but is now in some level of secondary NV. Our results were fundamental in indicating areas with higher rates of change in a long time series in the Brazilian Cerrado and to highlight the challenges of mapping distinct NV types in a highly seasonal and heterogeneous savanna biome.
Abstract
Cocoa production has been identified as a major global driver of deforestation, but its precise contribution to deforestation dynamics in West Africa remains unclear. It is also unknown to ...what degree companies and international markets are able to trace their cocoa imports, and satisfy their sustainable sourcing commitments. Here, we use publicly-available remote-sensing and supply chain data for Côte d’Ivoire, the world’s largest cocoa producer, to quantify cocoa-driven deforestation and trace 2019 cocoa exports and the associated deforestation from their department of origin, via trading companies, to international markets. We find 2.4 Mha of cocoa deforestation and degradation over 2000–2019, i.e. 125 000 ha y
−1
, representing 45% of the total deforestation and forest degradation over that period. Only 43.6% (95% CI: 42.6%–44.7%) of exports can be traced back to a specific cooperative and department. The majority of cocoa (over 55%) thus remains untraced, either indirectly sourced from local intermediaries by major traders (23.9%, 95% CI: 22.9%–24.9%), or exported by untransparent traders—who disclose no information about their suppliers (32.4%). Traceability to farm lags further behind, and is insufficient to meet the EU due-diligence legislation’s proposed requirement for geolocation of product origins. We estimate that trading companies in the Cocoa and Forests Initiative have mapped 40% of the total farms supplying them, representing only 22% of all Ivorian cocoa exports in 2019. We identify 838 000 hectares of deforestation over 2000–2015 associated with 2019 EU imports, 56% of this arising through untraced sourcing. We discuss issues of company- and state-led traceability systems, often presented as solutions to deforestation, and stress the need for transparency and for the sector to work beyond individual supply chains, at landscape-level, calling for collaboration, stronger regulatory policies, and investments to preserve the remaining stretches of forests in West Africa.
Background
Laryngeal papillomatosis (LP) is a disease that presents in both juvenile (JLP) and adult patients (ALP). This study correlated papillomatosis characteristics with the Derkay score.
...Methods
Retrospective data and biopsies of 36 patients with JLP and 56 with ALP were collected and separated into groups according to their scores.
Results
The mean of the Derkay score, in the JLP group was 10.97 and in Group ALP was 8.26. The JLP group presented a more aggressive result than in the adult group (P = .02). In the JLP group, the respiratory difficulty (P = .01) and tracheostomy were correlated to a higher Derkay score (P < .05). Microscopically, the JLP samples presented a higher incidence of atypical mitosis and mitosis above the basal cells layer of the epithelium (P < .05) and these characteristics were correlated with a higher Derkay index (P = .03).
Conclusion
Findings suggest that ALP and JLP can present different clinical courses and histopathological features. There was a higher degree of LP severity in JLP.
Burnout syndrome can be defined as long-term work stress resulting from the interaction between constant emotional pressure associated with intense interpersonal involvement for long periods of time ...and personal characteristics. We investigated the prevalence/propensity of Burnout syndrome in clinical nurses, and the factors related to Burnout syndrome-associated such as socio-demographic characteristics, work load, social and family life, leisure activities, extra work activities, physical activities, and work-related health problems.
We conducted a cross-sectional, quantitative, prospective epidemiological study with 188 surgical clinic nurses. We used the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), which is a socio-demographic questionnaire and the most widely used instrument to assess Burnout syndrome (three basic dimensions: emotional exhaustion, despersonalization and professional underachievement). The socio-demographic profile questionnaire wascomposed of questions regarding identification, training, time at work, work characteristics and personal circumstances.
The prevalence of Burnout syndrome was higher (10.1%) and 55, 4% of subjects had a propensity to develop this syndrome. The analysis of the socio-demographic profile of the nurse sample studied showed that most nurses were childless married women, over 35 years of age, working the day shift for 36 hours weekly on average, with 2-6 years of post-graduation experience, and without extra employments. Factors such as marital status, work load, emotion and work related stress aggravated the onset of the syndrome.
The prevalence and propensity of Burnout syndrome were high. Some factors identified can be useful for the adoption of preventive actions in order to decrease the prevalence of the clinical nurses Burnout syndrome.
Objetivo: Apresentar o protocolo para diagnóstico e tratamento de Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH) em pacientes adultos atendidos no Hospital Universitário Walter Cantídio. ...Metodologia: Uma revisão de literatura narrativa foi feita para buscar informações atualizadas sobre o tema, visando construir um protocolo que possa facilitar o diagnóstico e tratamento do transtorno. Dos cinco protocolos mundiais de tratamento para o TDAH no adulto, foram escolhidos como referência o National Institute for health and Care Excellence (NICE) e o Canadian Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Resource Alliance (CADDRA), por terem sido atualizados mais recentemente, em 2018. Ademais, foram utilizadas referências clássicas, como o DSM-5, bem como artigos publicados, nos últimos cinco anos, por grupos de estudo do tema. Resultado: Com base nas evidências levantadas, foi elaborado um fluxograma contemplando recomendações para diagnóstico e tratamento de TDAH em adultos. Conclusão: O protocolo proposto pode auxiliar a equipe assistencial no diagnóstico e tratamento de TDAH em pacientes atendidos no HUWC, evitando-se assim o desenvolvimento de quadros psiquiátricos secundários, tais como ansiedade, depressão e transtorno por uso de substâncias.
To characterize inflammatory cells in Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis (RRP) and to correlate it with severity using the Derkay laryngoscopic scale.
The data and biopsies from 36 patients with ...Juvenile (JRRP) and 56 patients with Adult (ARRP) were collected and analyzed under light microscopy. The patients were separated into groups according to the Derkay index: ≥20 for the most severe and < 20 for the less severe cases. Immunohistochemical analysis using CD3, CD4, CD8, CD15, CD20, CD68, FoxP3 and MUM-1 antibodies was performed, and the inflammatory cells were quantified. All the clinicopathological characteristics and the results of the immunohistochemical analysis were compared among the groups proposed using the Chi-Square test and correlated through the Spearman correlation test.
The ARRP showed significantly higher quantities of CD3+, CD8+ and MUM1+ cells (p < .05) than the JRRP samples. The presence of CD15+ cells showed positive correlation with the Derkay index (p < .05), while the MUM-1+ cells showed an inverse correlation (p = .01).
There are differences between the inflammatory cells population in the juvenile and adult groups and it can be related to disease severity.
•There is difference between inflammatory cell population in juvenile and adult recurrent respiratory pappilomatosis.•Adults showed significantly higher quantities of CD3+, CD8+ and MUM1+ cells than the juvenile patients.•MUM-1+ cells were correlated with lower Derkay index.
Stress levels are evident among health professionals. However, there are few studies on sensory-based self-care aimed at stress management, self-esteem and subjective well-being in this group of ...professionals.
To assess the impact of a self-care intervention mediated by the senses on the stress levels, self-esteem and well-being of health professionals in a hospital environment.
A total of 93 health professionals participated in an unblinded clinical trial, randomized into four groups: 1) control (no intervention); 2) Monosensory-daily body moisturizing (DBM) with odorless cream; 3) Bisensory-DBM with scented cream; 4) Multisensory-DBM with scented cream associated with audiovisual material. Participants answered specific questionnaires to assess stress, self-esteem and well-being and cortisol samples were collected at baseline, 15 and 30 days following intervention, and at the 30-day follow-up.
Self-care was characterized as neglected, with most participants reporting inadequate hours of sleep (74%), irregular physical activity (68%), and inadequate nutrition (45%). Compared to the other groups, the Bisensory group had lower stress on all three assessments (p = 0.017; 0.012; 0.036), a life satisfaction 8% higher at follow-up than at baseline (95% CI: 2% to 15%, p = 0.016), a 10% increase in positive affect (95% CI: 2% to 19%, p = 0.011) and a 12% reduction in negative affect (95% CI: 3% to 21% less, p = 0.014) after 30 days. The Multisensory group showed improvement in self-esteem (p = 0.012) and reduced cortisol (p = 0.036) after 30 days of intervention. The control group showed no changes in the variables studied, except for cortisol: an increase at the 15-day evaluation (denoting higher risk for stress, p = 0.009) and a reduction at follow-up (p = 0.028), which was nevertheless within normal levels.
Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02406755.
Changes in cardiac autonomic regulation, expressed by increased sympathetic activity and decreased heart rate variability, have an important relationship with the onset of lethal cardiac phenomena. ...Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the cardiac autonomic behaviour in young people according to their level of physical activity. Through the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, 55 healthy young non-smokers with no history of previous diseases and whose parents did not suffer from metabolic syndrome were assessed and divided into groups: sedentary (n=12), insufficiently active (n=16), active (n=14), and very active (n=13). We collected respiratory rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure at rest, and body mass index. Subjects remained supine at rest, and without mental stress for 15 minutes in a controlled environment. Using a cardiofrequency meter (Polar® RS800CX), data were analysed in the time domain, frequency domain, and detrended fluctuation analysis. For the sedentary group, the mean RR and rMSSD were significantly lower, and the insufficiently active group showed higher means, but significantly only for rMSSD. The insufficiently active group showed in the detrended fluctuation analysis that α2 was significantly lower compared with the sedentary, active, and very active groups. We conclude that young, healthy, sedentary individuals present an increased heart rate and that insufficiently active individuals present a decreased fractal correlation and increased parasympathetic activity.
Reconstructing ecological niche evolution can provide insight into the biogeography and diversification of evolving lineages. However, comparative phylogenetic methods may infer the history of ...ecological niche evolution inaccurately because (a) species' niches are often poorly characterized; and (b) phylogenetic comparative methods rely on niche summary statistics rather than full estimates of species' environmental tolerances. Here, we propose a new framework for coding ecological niches and reconstructing their evolution that explicitly acknowledges and incorporates the uncertainty introduced by incomplete niche characterization. Then, we modify existing ancestral state inference methods to leverage full estimates of environmental tolerances. We provide a worked empirical example of our method, investigating ecological niche evolution in the New World orioles (Aves: Passeriformes: Icterus spp.). Temperature and precipitation tolerances were generally broad and conserved among orioles, with niche reduction and specialization limited to a few terminal branches. Tools for performing these reconstructions are available in a new R package called nichevol.
In this manuscript, we demonstrate how the incomplete characterization of species' ecological niches affects ancestral niche reconstruction and evolutionary rate estimation, and offer a solution that incorporates uncertainty into such analyses. We first use a simple simulation to illustrate this problem and its effect on the estimation of ancestral ecological niche and rates of ecological niche evolution. We then suggest a simple, broadly useful innovation for incorporating uncertainty into fundamental niche characterization and subsequent comparative phylogenetic analyses, using an analysis of the New World orioles as a worked example.
The effect of fat reduction and the addition of octenyl succinylated (OS) waxy maize starch as a fat replacer on the physicochemical properties, texture, and microstructure of Minas fresh cheese was ...studied. The cheeses were produced according to three formulations: full-fat cheese (FC), reduced-fat cheese (RC), and reduced-fat cheese with 0.5 kg/100 L of added starch (SC). Analyses of the chemical composition, titratable acidity, water-holding capacity (WHC), yield, texture, microstructure, and electrophoretic profile of casein were conducted. Fat reduction increased the hardness and decreased the yield of the cheeses. Fat reduction also promoted a denser microstructure and less proteolysis. The concentration of starch that was added was insufficient to improve the yield and texture parameters of the reduced-fat cheese. However, the addition of starch increased the moisture content and the WHC of the reduced-fat cheese. In general, OS waxy maize starch improved the overall quality of the reduced-fat Minas fresh cheese.
•The effect of OS waxy maize starch on reduced fat Minas fresh cheese was studied.•Fat reduction decreased yield, increased hardness and promoted denser microstructure.•The addition of starch increased moisture and WHC, but it did not improve yield.•OS waxy starch is a promising ingredient for improving overall cheese quality.
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