The "servant question" in the late nineteenth century led to the proliferation of debates and conflicts regarding domestic work. Were household servants to be viewed as workers or as members of the ...household? How should their work be regulated and assessed? This volume examines these debates from multiple perspectives and discusses how domestic service had changed by the time Austria entered into Anschluss with the National Socialist German.
The "servant question" in the late nineteenth century led to the proliferation of debates and conflicts regarding domestic work. Were household servants to be viewed as workers or as members of the ...household? How should their work be regulated and assessed? This volume examines these debates from multiple perspectives and discusses how domestic service had changed by the time Austria entered into Anschluss with the National Socialist German.
Mit der Dienstbotenfrage Ende des 19. Jh.s mehrten sich die Debatten und Konflikte um den häuslichen Dienst. Waren Hausbedienstete als ArbeiterInnen oder eher als Haushaltsangehörige zu sehen? Wie sollten ihre Dienste reguliert und bewertet werden? Die Arbeit untersucht die Auseinandersetzungen multiperspektivisch und diskutiert, wie sich der häusliche Dienst in Österreich bis zum Anschluss an das nationalsozialistische Dt. Reich verändert hat.
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•Biodiversity-Ecosystem Functioning designs were adopted for reforestation needs.•Enrichment planting underneath collapsing canopy yields overall 95% of survival.•Total herb layer and ...Rubus spec. cover affect mortality of tree species differently.•Reforestation needs to account more explicitly for context dependency in times of global change.
European ash-rich forest ecosystems are transforming rapidly under the influence of ash dieback, putting many associated species at risk. Forest managers face the urgent challenge to deal with the loss of European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) as a key tree species to maintain species richness and ecosystem functioning. The project FraDivexp, located in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, aims at counteracting detrimental effects of progressive ash decline by testing alternative tree species in a Biodiversity-Ecosystem Functioning (BEF) experiment along a hydrological gradient. Here, we provide insight into how a BEF-approach can be combined with silvicultural management practice to meet the needs for both ecological research and reforestation. At the same time, we present first data on the survival of the planted saplings.
In winter 2019/2020, FraDivexp was established with autochthonous tree species considered potential substitutes for the functioning of ash. At 12 sites, plantations including Fraxinus excelsior, Acer platanoides L., Carpinus betulus L., Tilia cordata Mill. and Ulmus laevis Pall. were planted directly underneath the remains of collapsing forest canopies involving all monocultures, and all combinations of 2-, 4- and 5-species mixtures. One year after planting of 25,200 trees, total mortality was at 5% with U. laevis showing lowest mortality while establishment of A.platanoides was least successful. In this early phase of FraDivexp tree mortality was species-specific and driven by initial individual tree size, pH-values in the topsoil and canopy openness, while there was no effect associated with tree diversity. Analysis of further biotic factors showed high mortality of A.platanoides in areas with a high cover of Rubus spp. in the herb layer, indicating species-specific susceptibility to different site conditions. Overall, low mortality (compared to other BEF experiments on arable land) suggests an advantage of establishing a BEF experiment within an existing forest matrix. Simultaneously, this study shows that differences in environmental context dependency among species need to be considered more explicitly, when recommending management strategies. To ensure successful establishment of reforestations with substitute tree species is the first step to efficiently counteract the massive loss of ash trees with the aim of maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.
Estuaries provide essential ecosystem services and economic value but are facing widespread degradation due to changing anthropogenic and climatic factors. In North Carolina, coastal structures, like ...bulkheads and riprap, are widely used by property owners throughout the Albemarle-Pamlico estuary to stop erosion and reclaim lost land following storm events. While coastal development is tightly governed, limited historical and no up-to-date data report on the spatial distribution of coastal structures throughout the Albemarle-Pamlico estuary. Here we describe the development of a dataset that classifies and catalogues 67 km of shoreline type along the Neuse River Estuary (NRE), a large tributary of the Albemarle-Pamlico. We used available LiDAR digital elevation models (DEMs), aerial imagery, and a ground truthing field campaign to determine shoreline type present along the NRE as of 2020. We validated these results using an intensive manual editing procedure that comparatively examines DEMs, LiDAR derived slope, aerial imagery, and ground truth photography of the shoreline. This dataset is available for public download.
Objective: The presence and specificity of a bipolar prodrome remains questioned. We aimed to characterize the prodrome prior to a first psychotic and nonpsychotic mania and to examine the phenotypic ...proximity to the schizophrenia prodrome. Methods: Using a semi-structured interview, the Bipolar Prodrome Symptom Scale-Retrospective, information regarding the mania prodrome was collected from youth with a research diagnosis of bipolar I disorder and onset before 19 years of age, and/or their caregivers. Only newly emerging, at least moderately severe, symptoms were analyzed. Prodromal characteristics were compared between patients with and without subsequent psychotic mania and with published bipolar and schizophrenia prodrome data. Results: In 52 youth (age at first mania: 13.4 ± 3.3 years), the prodrome onset was predominantly "insidious" (>1 year, 51.9%) or "subacute" (1-12 months, 44.2%), while "acute" presentations (<1 month, 3.8%) were rare. The prodrome duration was similar in patients with (1.7 ± 1.8 years, n = 34) and without (1.9 ± 1.5 years, n = 18) subsequent psychotic mania (P = .70). Attenuated positive symptoms emerging late in the prodrome and increased energy/goal-directed activity were significantly more common in patients with later psychotic mania. Mania and schizophrenia prodrome characteristics overlapped considerably. However, subsyndromal unusual ideas were significantly more likely part of the schizophrenia prodrome, while obsessions/compulsions, suicidality, difficulty thinking/communicating clearly, depressed mood, decreased concentration/memory, tiredness/lack of energy, mood lability, and physical agitation were more likely part of the mania prodrome. Conclusions: A lengthy and symptomatic prodrome makes clinical high-risk research a feasible goal for bipolar disorder. The phenotypic overlap with the schizophrenia prodrome necessitates the concurrent study of both illness prodromes.
The optical and electrical characterization of nanostructures is crucial for all applications in nanophotonics. Particularly important is the knowledge of the optical near-field distribution for the ...design of future photonic devices. A common method to determine optical near-fields is scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) which is slow and might distort the near-field. Here, we present a technique that permits sensing indirectly the infrared near-field in GaAs nanowires via its second-harmonic generated (SHG) signal utilizing a nonscanning far-field microscope. Using an incident light of 820 nm and the very short mean free path (16 nm) of the SHG signal in GaAs, we demonstrate a fast surface sensitive imaging technique without using a SNOM. We observe periodic intensity patterns in untapered and tapered GaAs nanowires that are attributed to the fundamental mode of a guided wave modulating the Mie-scattered incident light. The periodicity of the interferences permits to accurately determine the nanowires’ radii by just using optical microscopy, i.e., without requiring electron microscopy.
Objective: The purpose of this report is to provide insight from pediatric stakeholders with a shared desire to facilitate a revision of the current United States regulatory pathways for the ...development of pediatric healthcare devices. Methods: On August 5, 2020, a group of innovators, engineers, professors and clinicians met to discuss challenges and opportunities for the development of new medical devices for pediatric health and the importance of creating a regulatory environment that encourages and accelerates the research and development of such devices. On January 6, 2021, this group joined regulatory experts at a follow-up meeting. Results: One of the primary issues identified was the need to present decision-makers with opportunities that change the return-on-investment balance between adult and pediatric devices to promote investment in pediatric devices. Discussion/Conclusion: Several proposed strategies were discussed, and these strategies can be divided into two broad categories: 1. Removal of real and perceived barriers to pediatric device innovation; 2. Increasing incentives for pediatric device innovation.
Estuarine shorelines are highly dynamic due to their unique geological history, wave and weather conditions, and human modifications to the shoreline. These interactions are heightened as sea level ...rise intensifies and extreme storms become more frequent due to climate change. Estuarine shoreline classification maps are critical to understanding the context and magnitude of storm-induced erosion as well as ad hoc efforts to shoreline stabilization. Here, an object-based ensemble analysis is used to map natural and engineered shoreline types observed within the Neuse River Estuary (NRE), NC. Object-based ensemble analysis has emerged as a successful framework to improve image classification but has yet to be tested in classifying an estuarine shoreline environment. This approach used in-situ reference data, high-resolution aerial imagery, and LiDAR point data to train an ensemble of five machine learning algorithms (Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, LibLINEAR, Artificial Neural Network, and k-Nearest Neighbors). The object-based ensemble produced the highest overall classification accuracy at 76.4% (Kappa value = 0.66), 6.3% higher than the top performing pixel-based model, justifying its use to produce the final shoreline classification map. NRE shoreline change and erosion vulnerability were classified using the object-based image analysis and produced comparable erosion rates to those observed in past studies. The object-based ensemble approach was an effective way to map shoreline classifications in the NRE and should continue to be explored within other shoreline management applications.
Heffentrager, M.L.; Wasklewicz, T.; Sirianni, H.; Gares, P.; Kernstine, L., and Richter, J., 2023. Reproducibility in coastal physical laboratory experiments: Washover deposits and channel ...morphology. Journal of Coastal Research, 39(5), 823–835. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. The reproduction of physical laboratory experiments within the field of geomorphology does not occur often, despite the call to reproduce natural landscape experiments as a means of more accurately defining geomorphic changes across a variety of environmental settings. Reproducing published results not only supports prior findings but also builds evidence on geomorphic process across laboratory and natural scales. Overwash, the run-up of ocean water and sediment over a sandy barrier, is both a hazard when it impacts coastal properties and infrastructure and a natural resilience factor as it benefits sustained long-term evolution of the barrier island systems. Here, a coastal physical laboratory experiment that simulates overwash and resulting washover deposits is reproduced. The research objective is to expand the current knowledge of how these deposits form under different laboratory settings. Understanding the influence of the dimensions of a physical laboratory experimental table, sediment variations, and back barrier surfaces can give support to researchers planning future physical coastal laboratory experiments, especially those involving washover deposit formation. The results show that final washover deposit morphologies can be reproduced from similar experimental designs. Variations between the experiments resulted from confining boundaries of experimental tables. The refinement of coastal laboratory experiments, in tandem with fieldwork, enhances the understanding of overwash processes for both scientific research and applied scientific approaches.
This work is part of a publicly funded project called ReffiMaL (resource efficient material solutions for power electronics), which aims to substitute electroplated Nickel (Ni) as contact material in ...power electronic modules. The baseplates of these power electronic modules are based on the metal matrix composite material AlSiC, which needs to be coated to become solderable. Today, it is state-of-the-art technology to coat the baseplate with electroplated Ni to form an adhesive layer to the system solder. In this paper we present a performance comparison of physical vapor deposited (PVD) Ni and electroplated Ni. The main advantage of PVD Ni is a significant reduction of layer thickness compared to the electroplating process. Second advantage of PVD Ni is the limitation of the deposition to areas that get soldered, in contrast to a non-selective electroplated coating. When deposited by PVD at room temperature, Ni exhibits columnar growth patterns, whereas electroplated Ni tends to form a laminar layer. The columnar growth leads to an increase in interface area affecting phase formation behavior. To compare both adhesion layers, we investigate the phase formation after soldering with a Sn based soft solder-copper composite material. The baseplates are reflow-soldered at different temperatures and process times. Temperature varied between 270°C and 400°C. The corresponding process time ranged from 10 to 40 minutes. We inspect the samples optically to determine the phase formation. Intermetallic phase (IMP) composition is evaluated using energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). ReffiMaL is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF).
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