Noise in detectors containing distributed resistive elements Janssens, D.; Riegler, W.
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
07/2024, Letnik:
1064
Journal Article
Recenzirano
We discuss the thermal noise originating from distributed resistive materials in particle detectors like Resistive Plate Chambers or Resistive Micro-Pattern Gas Detectors. The complex impedance Z(f) ...of the detector as seen by the amplifier input terminal is the key number defining the noise power spectrum. We give some analytic examples and show how this number can be calculated for any detector geometry using numerical simulations programs.
The statistics of electron–hole avalanches Windischhofer, P.; Riegler, W.
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
07/2021, Letnik:
1003
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Charge multiplication through avalanche processes is commonly employed in the detection of single photons or charged particles in high-energy physics and beyond. In this report, we provide a detailed ...discussion of the properties of avalanches driven by two species of charge carriers, e.g. electrons and holes in a semiconductor exposed to an electric field. We derive equations that describe the general case of avalanches developing in position-dependent electric fields and give their analytical solutions for constant fields. We discuss consequences for the time resolution achievable with detectors that operate above the breakdown limit, e.g. single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) and silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs). Our results also describe avalanches that achieve finite gain and are important for avalanche photodiodes (APDs) and low-gain avalanche detectors (LGADs).
Momentum, track angle and impact parameter resolution are key performance parameters that tracking detectors are optimised for. This report presents analytic expressions for the resolution of these ...parameters for equal and equidistant tracking layers. The expressions for the contribution from position resolution are based on the Gluckstern formulae and are well established. The expressions for the contribution from multiple scattering using optimum weights are discussed in detail.
The time response function of RPCs is derived. First, primary electron distributions in the RPC gas gap are discussed. Then the exact expression for the fluctuations of an avalanche starting with a ...fixed number of primary electrons is derived, using Legler's model of avalanche multiplication in electronegative gases. By means of the Z-Transform formalism, the primary electron distributions and avalanche fluctuations are then combined and an analytic expression for the RPC time response function is derived. The solution is further used to discuss signal threshold and attachment effects. Finally, the time response function is evaluated for several primary ionization models.
Future Circular Colliders Benedikt, M; Blondel, A; Janot, P ...
Annual review of nuclear and particle science,
10/2019, Letnik:
69, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
After 10 years of physics at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the particle physics landscape has greatly evolved. Today, a staged Future Circular Collider (FCC), consisting of a luminosity-frontier ...highest-energy electron-positron collider (FCC-ee) followed by an energy-frontier hadron collider (FCC-hh), promises the most far-reaching physics program for the post-LHC era. FCC-ee will be a precision instrument used to study the
Z
,
W
, Higgs, and top particles, and will offer unprecedented sensitivity to signs of new physics. Most of the FCC-ee infrastructure could be reused for FCC-hh, which will provide proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 100 TeV and could directly produce new particles with masses of up to several tens of TeV. This collider will also measure the Higgs self-coupling and explore the dynamics of electroweak symmetry breaking. Thermal dark matter candidates will be either discovered or conclusively ruled out by FCC-hh. Heavy-ion and electron-proton collisions (FCC-eh) will further contribute to the breadth of the overall FCC program. The integrated FCC infrastructure will serve the particle physics community through the end of the twenty-first century. This review combines key contents from the first three volumes of the FCC
Conceptual Design Report
.
We derive expressions for the potential of a point charge as well as the weighting potential and weighting field of a rectangular pad for a plane condenser, which are well suited for numerical ...evaluation. We relate the expressions to solutions employing the method of image charges, which allows discussion of convergence properties and estimation of errors, providing also an illuminating example of a problem with an infinite number of image charges.
We discuss an extension of the Ramo–Shockley theorem that allows the calculation of signals in detectors that contain non-linear materials of arbitrary permittivity and finite conductivity (volume ...resistivity) as well as a static space-charge. The readout-electrodes can be connected by an arbitrary impedance network. This formulation is useful for the treatment of semiconductor sensors where the finite volume resistivity in the sensitive detector volume cannot be neglected. The signals are calculated by means of time dependent weighting fields and weighting vectors. These are calculated by adding voltage or current signals to the electrodes in question, which has a very practical application when using semiconductor device simulation programs. An analytic example for an un-depleted silicon sensor is given.
For detectors with resistive elements, the time dependence of the signals is not solely given by the movement of the charges in the drift medium but also by the time-dependent reaction of the ...resistive materials. In this report, we present a numerical way to capture this contribution by using the extended form of the Ramo–Shockley theorem for conductive media. As an example, the methodology will be applied to the MicroCAT two-dimensional interpolation readout to calculate the center of gravity position reconstruction distortion map of its readout cells.
Most particle detectors are based on the principle that charged particles leave a trail of ionization in the detector and that the movement of these charges in an electric field induces signals on ...the detector electrodes. Assuming detector elements that are insulating and electrodes with infinite conductivity one can calculate the signals with an electrostatic approximation using the so-called ‘Ramo theorem’. This is the standard way for the calculation of signals e.g. in wire chambers and silicon detectors. In case the detectors contain resistive elements, which is, e.g. the case in resistive plate chambers or underdepleted silicon detectors, the time dependence of the signals is not only given by the movement of the charges but also by the time-dependent reaction of the detector materials. Using the quasistatic approximation of Maxwell's equations we present an extended formalism that allows the calculation of induced signals for detectors with general materials by time dependent weighting fields. As examples, we will discuss the signals in resistive plate chambers and underdepleted silicon detectors.
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