Sandia National Laboratories flew its Facility for Advanced RF and Algorithm Development X-Band (9.6-GHz center frequency), fully polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) in VideoSAR mode to ...collect complex-valued SAR imagery before, during, and after the sixth Source Physics Experiment's (SPE-6) underground explosion. The VideoSAR products generated from the data sets include "movies" of single-and quad-polarization coherence maps, magnitude imagery, and polarimetric decompositions. Residual defocus, due to platform motion during data acquisition, was corrected with a digital elevation model-based autofocus algorithm. We generated and exploited the VideoSAR image products to characterize the surface movement effects caused by the underground explosion. Unlike seismic sensors, which measure local area seismic waves using sparse spacing and subterranean positioning, these VideoSAR products captured high-spatial resolution, 2-D, time-varying surface movement. The results from the fifth SPE (SPE-5) used single-polarimetric VideoSAR data. In this paper, we present single-polarimetric and fully polarimetric VideoSAR results while monitoring the SPE-6 underground chemical explosion. We show that fully polarimetric VideoSAR imaging provides a unique, coherent, time-varying measure of the surface expression of the SPE-6 underground chemical explosion. We include new surface characterization results from the measured PolSAR SPE-6 data via <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">H/A/\alpha </tex-math></inline-formula> polarimetric decomposition.
I give my view of the early history of the discovery of hyperbolic structures on knot complements from my early work on representations of knot groups into matrix groups to my meeting with William ...Thurston in 1976.
•We sequenced the genomes of Cylindrobasidium torrendii and Fistulina hepatica.•We examined the evolution of wood decay mechanisms in Agaricales.•We performed wood decay experiments for both species ...and Schizophyllum commune.•Neither species has typical white or brown rot characteristics.•Atypical wood decayers are more frequent than previously thought.
Wood decay mechanisms in Agaricomycotina have been traditionally separated in two categories termed white and brown rot. Recently the accuracy of such a dichotomy has been questioned. Here, we present the genome sequences of the white-rot fungus Cylindrobasidium torrendii and the brown-rot fungus Fistulina hepatica both members of Agaricales, combining comparative genomics and wood decay experiments. C. torrendii is closely related to the white-rot root pathogen Armillaria mellea, while F. hepatica is related to Schizophyllum commune, which has been reported to cause white rot. Our results suggest that C. torrendii and S. commune are intermediate between white-rot and brown-rot fungi, but at the same time they show characteristics of decay that resembles soft rot. Both species cause weak wood decay and degrade all wood components but leave the middle lamella intact. Their gene content related to lignin degradation is reduced, similar to brown-rot fungi, but both have maintained a rich array of genes related to carbohydrate degradation, similar to white-rot fungi. These characteristics appear to have evolved from white-rot ancestors with stronger ligninolytic ability. F. hepatica shows characteristics of brown rot both in terms of wood decay genes found in its genome and the decay that it causes. However, genes related to cellulose degradation are still present, which is a plesiomorphic characteristic shared with its white-rot ancestors. Four wood degradation-related genes, homologs of which are frequently lost in brown-rot fungi, show signs of pseudogenization in the genome of F. hepatica. These results suggest that transition toward a brown-rot lifestyle could be an ongoing process in F. hepatica. Our results reinforce the idea that wood decay mechanisms are more diverse than initially thought and that the dichotomous separation of wood decay mechanisms in Agaricomycotina into white rot and brown rot should be revisited.
Many heritable mutualisms, in which beneficial symbionts are transmitted vertically between host generations, originate as antagonisms with parasite dispersal constrained by the host. Only after the ...parasite gains control over its transmission is the symbiosis expected to transition from antagonism to mutualism. Here, we explore this prediction in the mutualism between the fungus Rhizopus microsporus (Rm, Mucoromycotina) and a beta-proteobacterium Burkholderia, which controls host asexual reproduction. We show that reproductive addiction of Rm to endobacteria extends to mating, and is mediated by the symbiont gaining transcriptional control of the fungal ras2 gene, which encodes a GTPase central to fungal reproductive development. We also discover candidate G-protein-coupled receptors for the perception of trisporic acids, mating pheromones unique to Mucoromycotina. Our results demonstrate that regulating host asexual proliferation and modifying its sexual reproduction are sufficient for the symbiont's control of its own transmission, needed for antagonism-to-mutualism transition in heritable symbioses. These properties establish the Rm-Burkholderia symbiosis as a powerful system for identifying reproductive genes in Mucoromycotina.
CTO PCI: When at first you don't succeed Riley, Robert F.; Henry, Timothy D.
Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions,
October 1, 2019, 2019-10-01, 2019-10-00, 20191001, Letnik:
94, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Key Points
Compared to first attempt coronary CTO lesions, reattempt CTOs were more anatomically complex and had lower technical success rates.
The utilization of more complex recanalization ...techniques can improve the PCI success for reattempt CTO PCI.
Reattempt CTO PCI procedures were associated with higher MACE rates.
A previous attempt to accurately quantify the increased simvastatin acid exposure due to drug-drug interaction (DDI) with coadministered telithromycin, using a mechanistic static model, substantially ...underpredicted the magnitude of the area under the plasma concentration-time curve ratio (AUCR) based on reversible inhibition of CYP3A4 and organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1). To reconcile this disconnect between predicted and clinically observed AUCR, telithromycin was evaluated as a time-dependent inhibitor of CYP3A4 in vitro, as well as an inhibitor of OATP1B1. Telithromycin inhibited OATP1B1-mediated
H-estradiol 17
-d-glucuronide (0.02
M) transport with a mean IC
of 12.0 ± 1.45
M and was determined by IC
shift and kinetic analyses to be a competitive reversible inhibitor of CYP3A4-mediated midazolam1- hydroxylation with a mean absolute inhibition constant (K
) value of 3.65 ± 0.531
M. The 2.83-fold shift in IC
(10.4-3.68
M) after a 30-minute metabolic preincubation confirmed telithromycin as a time-dependent inhibitor of CYP3A4; the mean inhibitor concentration that causes half-maximal inactivation of enzyme (K
) and maximal rate of inactivation of enzyme (k
) values determined for inactivation were 1.05 ± 0.226
M and 0.02772 ± 0.00272 min
, respectively. After the integration of an enzyme time-dependent inhibition component into the previous mechanistic static model using the in vitro inhibitory kinetic parameters determined above, the newly predicted simvastatin acid AUCR (10.8 or 5.4) resulting from perturbation of its critical disposition pathways matched the clinically observed AUCR (10.8 or 4.3) after coadministration, or staggered administration, with telithromycin, respectively. These results indicate the time-dependent inhibition of CYP3A4 by telithromycin as the primary driver underlying its clinical DDI with simvastatin acid.
Summary
While there has been significant progress characterizing the ‘symbiotic toolkit’ of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, how host specificity may be encoded into ECM fungal genomes remains poorly ...understood.
We conducted a comparative genomic analysis of ECM fungal host specialists and generalists, focusing on the specialist genus Suillus. Global analyses of genome dynamics across 46 species were assessed, along with targeted analyses of three classes of molecules previously identified as important determinants of host specificity: small secreted proteins (SSPs), secondary metabolites (SMs) and G‐protein coupled receptors (GPCRs).
Relative to other ECM fungi, including other host specialists, Suillus had highly dynamic genomes including numerous rapidly evolving gene families and many domain expansions and contractions. Targeted analyses supported a role for SMs but not SSPs or GPCRs in Suillus host specificity. Phylogenomic‐based ancestral state reconstruction identified Larix as the ancestral host of Suillus, with multiple independent switches between white and red pine hosts.
These results suggest that like other defining characteristics of the ECM lifestyle, host specificity is a dynamic process at the genome level. In the case of Suillus, both SMs and pathways involved in the deactivation of reactive oxygen species appear to be strongly associated with enhanced host specificity.
During apoptosis, phosphatidylserine (PS), normally restricted to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, is exposed on the surface of apoptotic cells and serves as an 'eat-me' signal to trigger ...phagocytosis. It is poorly understood how PS exposure is activated in apoptotic cells. Here we report that CED-8, a Caenorhabditis elegans protein implicated in controlling the kinetics of apoptosis and a homologue of the XK family proteins, is a substrate of the CED-3 caspase. Cleavage of CED-8 by CED-3 activates its proapoptotic function and generates a carboxyl-terminal cleavage product, acCED-8, that promotes PS externalization in apoptotic cells and can induce ectopic PS exposure in living cells. Consistent with its role in promoting PS externalization in apoptotic cells, ced-8 is important for cell corpse engulfment in C. elegans. Our finding identifies a crucial link between caspase activation and PS externalization, which triggers phagocytosis of apoptotic cells.
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