The entire genomic RNA of a Spanish isolate of pepper mild mottle virus (PMMV-S), a resistance-breaking virus in pepper, was cloned and sequenced and shown to be similar to other tobamoviruses in its ...genomic organization. It consisted of 6357 nucleotides (nt) and contained four open reading frames (ORFs) which encode a 126K protein and a readthrough 183K protein (nt 70 to 4908), a 28K protein (nt 4909 to 5682) and a 17.5K coat protein (nt 5685 to 6158). This is the first tobamovirus in which none of the ORFs overlap. Both its nucleic acid and predicted protein sequences were compared with the previously determined sequences of other tobamoviruses. The variations and similarities found and their relationship with the pathogenicity of this virus are discussed.
Solvent extraction is one of the cheapest and more efficient processes for waste oil recycling. In this work the action of some solvents (2-propanol, 2-butanol, 2-pentanol, methyl ethyl ketone, and ...methyl n-propyl ketone) on both yield and quality of the recovered oil has been investigated. The quality has been assessed through the measurement of metallic, polymeric, and oxidation compound concentrations in the extracted oil. Experimental results have shown that extraction yields increase with increasing solvent/oil ratios up to a point at which they stabilize. When comparing alcohols and ketones it has been found that yields obtained with solvents of equal numbers of carbon atoms are similar and increase with increasing solvent molecular weight for both families. On the other hand, metallic and oxidation compound removal was similar for alcohols and ketones of equal numbers of carbon atoms, but alcohols were more efficient than ketones when polymeric additive elimination was considered. All these results may be attributed to the combined effect of factors such as the system viscosity, the detergent−dispersant additive concentration, and the difference between the solubility parameters of the system components.
Liquid and supercritical propane has been used as a solvent for the recycling of used lubricant oils. The aim of the work has been to identify the best processing conditions to separate base oil ...suitable for the formulation of new lubricants, avoiding the coextraction of oxidation products and metallic compounds. The effect of pressure (30−60 kg/cm2) and temperature (20−140 °C) on the separation efficiency and yields has been investigated. In the pressure range analyzed, almost no effect of the variable on yields and metallic compounds removal was found. However, it did affect the separation of oxidation products that were removed more efficiently at low pressures. In regards to temperature, at a given pressure the extraction yields were found not to depend on the variable as long as propane remained as a liquid. However, when the temperature was increased at constant pressure, so propane became a gas or a supercritical fluid, extraction yields decreased. Furthermore, the yield decrease observed with supercritical propane was density-dependent: the higher the propane density, the higher the extraction yield. On the other hand, at constant pressure, metallic and oxidation compounds removal was found to increase with increasing temperature. Finally, propane-extracted oil at optimum conditions (30 kg/cm2 and 90 °C) has been compared to two vacuum-distilled oils (5 mmHg), one of them pretreated with propane at optimum conditions.
IntroductionSeveral institutions and quality national agencies have fostered the creation of recommendations on what not to do to reduce overuse in clinical practice. In primary care, their impact ...has hardly been studied. The frequency of adverse events (AEs) associated with doing what must not be done has not been analysed, either. The aim of this study is to measure the frequency of overuse and AEs associated with doing what must not be done (commission errors) in primary care and their cost.Methods and analysisA coordinated, multicentric, national project. A retrospective cohort study using computerised databases of primary care medical records from national agencies and regional health services will be conducted to analyse the frequency of the overuse due to ignore the do-not-do recommendations, and immediately afterwards, depending on their frequency, a representative random sample of medical records will be reviewed with algorithms (triggers) that determine the frequency of AEs associated with these recommendations. Cost will determine by summation of the direct costs due to the consultation, pharmacy, laboratory and imaging activities according to the cases.Ethics and disseminationThe study protocol has been approved by the Ethics Committee of Primary Care Research of the Valencian Community. We aim to disseminate the findings through international peer-reviewed journals and on the website (http://www.nohacer.es/). Outcomes will be used to incorporate algorithms into the electronic history to assist in making clinical decisions.Trial registration number NCT03482232; Pre-results.
To establish technical values for nursing diagnoses in primary healthcare with which to weight the delivery of care based on criteria of complexity and relevance.
A three-phase cross-sectional ...descriptive study: (1) establishing and weighting of the assessment criteria of technical values, (2) scoring of the assessment criteria per diagnosis, and (3) assigning technical values.
Diagnoses were ordered on the scoring scale obtained and a technical value of 1 to 4 was assigned according to their quartile.
Having a technical value for each nursing diagnosis helps to measure the diversity and complexity of care.
Technical values may contribute to improving nursing management indicators, as they incorporate a quantitative view into the assessment process.
Synergistes
jonesii is a rumen bacterium that degrades toxic pyridinediols from
Leucaena leucocephala. This work presents progress on the characterization of the degradation of dihydroxypyridines ...from
L. leucocephala by
S. jonesii, and particularly by its cell free extracts. The substrate 3-hydroxy-4-1
H-pyridone (3,4-DHP) induced degradation of both 3,4- and 2,3-dihydroxypyridine (2,3-DHP) isomers, while 2,3-DHP induced only degradation of 2,3-DHP. The 2,3-DHP was an intermediate of the degradation of 3,4-DHP by cultures. The compound 2,6-dihydroxypyridine inhibited degradation of 2,3-DHP by extracts of cells previously induced with this substrate. Cell-free extracts from
S. jonesii had a high hydrogenase activity and degraded 2,3-DHP anaerobically either in the presence of methyl viologen under H
2 or in the presence of α-ketoacids under H
2 or N
2. Specific activity of 2,3-DHP degradation was increased when FAD
+ or CoA were present. The pyridine ring of the 2,3-DHP is enzymatically reduced by
S. jonesii in reactions that demand reducing power provided by hydrogenase activity or by the metabolism of pyruvate. An unidentified non-polar amino compound appeared in thin layer chromatography as 2,3-DHP was degraded. We anticipate that gas chromatography mass spectrometry will permit the purification and identification of products from the cell-free reaction mix, which represents a simpler system than cell cultures, so that a pathway for pyridinediol metabolism by
S. jonesii can be proposed.
By the proper selection of components and compositions, a composite solvent to recover base oil from used lubricant oil has been formulated. The composite solvent has two single components: methyl ...ethyl ketone (MEK) and 2-propanol. The best extraction results were obtained when the single solvents selected were mixed at a 2-propanol/MEK ratio of 3 g/g. However, this solvent was still unable to completely remove metals and oxidation products. To solve this problem, very small quantities of KOH (from 1 to 7 g/(kg of solvent)) were added to the composite solvent and its effect on both the extraction yields and the quality of the oil recovered was determined. A KOH concentration of 2 g/(kg of solvent) was found to be the most appropriate. The vacuum distilled oil pretreated with this solvent (2-propanol/MEK at a weight ratio of 3 g/g with 2 (g of KOH)/(kg of solvent)) was almost similar to a SN-130 virgin oil and, therefore, suitable for the formulation of new lubricants.
Ballana et al. E. Ballana, E. Morales, R. Rabionet, B. Montserrat, M. Ventayol, O. Bravo, P. Gasparini, X. Estivill, Mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene mutations affect RNA secondary structure and lead to ...variable penetrance in hearing impairment, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 341 (2006) 950–957 detected a T1291C mutation segregating in a Cuban pedigree with hearing impairment. They interpreted it as probably pathogenic, based on family history, RNA conformation prediction and its absence in a control group of 95 Spanish subjects. We screened a sample of 203 deaf subjects and 300 hearing controls (110 “European-Brazilians” and 190 “African-Brazilians”) for the mitochondrial mutations A1555G and T1291C. Five deaf subjects had the T1291C substitution, three isolated cases and two familial cases. In the latter, deafness was paternally inherited or segregated with the A1555G mutation. This doesn’t support the hypothesis of T1291C mutation being pathogenic. Two “African-Brazilian” controls also had the T1291C substitution. Six of the seven T1291C-carriers (five deaf and two controls) had mitochondrial DNA of African origin, belonging to macrohaplogroup L1/L2. Therefore, these data point to T1291C substitution as most probably an African non-pathogenic polymorphism.
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown cause that affects around 1% of the adult population in the U.S. Women are more often affected than men by a ratio of 3 to 1, ...and although the disease can appear at any age in adult life, the incidence and prevalence increase with age. The inflammatory process that characterizes RA, centers in and around articular structures and is characterized by destruction that progresses over time. Attempts to apply curve fitting to the analysis of the progression of radiographie damage in RA have lead to numerous forms of mathematical models (linear, quadratic, cubic, square root, first-order kinetics, etc.). None of these models has been very successful in that a signficiant degree of ambiguity of the appropriate model form still remains. A mathematical model of the progression of RA would be useful to evaluate the effect of interventions to ameliorate joint destruction. In this paper, we present a rigorously derived second-order kinetics model and propose
1.
(a) a possible explanation for the ambiguity found in prior analyses, and
2.
(b) present a potentially clinically useful model for RA disease progression based upon radiographic assessment of joint damage.
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