El uso de cutícula de insectos es una opción viable para inducir el crecimiento de hongos entomopatógenos. Se obtuvo polvo de pupas de Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf) y Heliothis virescens (Hv), el cual ...se adicionó para enriquecer al medio de cultivo Papa Dextrosa Agar (PDA) a concentraciones de 0,25, 0,5 y 1 %. El polvo se usó para inducir crecimiento radial de Beauveria bassiana y Metarhizium robertsii. Se determinó el tiempo letal (TL) de M. robertsii inducido a una concentración de 108 esporas/mL y un control PDA. La mortalidad de larvas fue analizada mediante ANDEVA y una prueba Tukey (α = 0,05). El contenido de grasa de Sf fué 49,9 y el de Hv 41,9 %; el extracto libre de nitrógeno (ELN) 21,3 y 32,0 %; proteínas 15,7 y 13,5 %, y la energía 517,87 y 493,73(Kcal/g), respectivamente. Los nutrientes y la energía tuvieron efecto inductor en el crecimiento de M. robertsii con polvo de pupa de Sf y Hv al 1%, alcanzando 75,5 y 74,2 mm de crecimiento radial y en el control PDA 60 mm. B. bassiana con Hv 0,5 %, 55 mm y con Sf 0,25 %, 50 mm y en el control PDA 32,5 mm (α=0,05). M. robertsii inducido con Sf causó 91,6 % de mortalidad de larvas de Sf y en PDA 66,6 %, a los siete días (α = 0,05). El suplemento de insectos incrementó el crecimiento de hongos en medio PDA, esto contribuyó a la patogenicidad de la cepa inducida de M. robertsii sobre S. frugiperda.
Nonconventional feed ingredients for different aquatic species need to be tested to establish their nutritional value. Thus, this study assessed the use of canary seed (CS), Phalaris canariensis L., ...and giant kelp seaweed (KS), Macrocystis pyrifera, as ingredients for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L., feed. Two feeding trials were conducted: (1) Growth trial, where seven feeds were tested; a control diet (CD) and six CS/KS diets (100, 200, 300 g/kg). Fish fed CS/KS diets (100 and 200 g/kg) had similar weight gain to those fed CD, whereas CS/KS diets (300 g/kg) decreased growth performance (p < 0.05). The CS‐diet Economic Conversion Ratios and KS100 diet were similar to CD, while KS inclusion levels (200, 300 g/kg) decreased this parameter (p < 0.05). Dietary KS inclusion of 300 g/kg significantly decreased the profit index compared with CD and CS‐diets (p < 0.05, 2), digestibility trial, where nine feeds were evaluated: a reference diet (RD); six CS/KS diets (100, 200, 300 g/kg) to determine diet digestibility, and two CS/KS diets (300 g/kg) to determine ingredient digestibility. CS dry matter, protein, and lipid digestibility were higher than KS (p < 0.05). The results suggest that CS has higher nutritional value than KS for Nile tilapia.
One hundred new COI sequences of nesting female Kemp’s ridley turtles (Lepidochelys kempii) were obtained in the Rancho Nuevo Sanctuary (RNS). The COI sequences were analyzed and contrasted with ...others retrieved from BOLD and GenBank with the aim of investigating genetic variability, genetic divergence, and haplotypes of the nesting female population at RNS. Four new COI haplotypes for Kemp’s ridley were described; two are redundant with (LK-RN01) 97 and (LK-COI-01) 17 specimens belonging to the RNS and other localities, respectively. Nucleotide (0.00052) and haplotype (0.303) diversity showed low and conserved COI values The fixation index (FST) between these main redundant haplotypes showed a high degree of differentiation with ~1. Genetic divergence clearly demonstrated two different Kemp’s ridley nesting populations, one from RNS and a second outside Mexico. Phylogenetic COI analysis was useful to differentiate these redundant (LK-COI-01 and RNS LK-RN01) haplotypes and, therefore, these different Kemp’s ridley populations. In addition, phylogenetic COI analysis clearly separates Kemp’s ridley turtles from other sea turtle species, supporting its use as a barcode marker.
Technological and analytical advances to study evolutionary biology, ecology, and conservation of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) are realized through molecular approaches including DNA barcoding. We ...characterized the usefulness of COI DNA barcodes in green turtles in Mexico to better understand genetic divergence and other genetic parameters of this species. We analyzed 63 sequences, 25 from green turtle field specimens collected from the Gulf of Mexico and from the Mexican Pacific, and 38 already present in the Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD). A total of 13 haplotypes were identified with 4 novel haplotypes from the Pacific Ocean and 3 novel haplotypes from the Atlantic Ocean. Intraspecific distance values among COI gene sequences by two different models were 0.01, demonstrating that there is not a subdivision for green turtle species. Otherwise, the interspecific distance interval ranged from 0.07 to 0.13 supporting a clear subdivision among all sea turtle species. Haplotype and total nucleotide diversity values of the COI gene reflect a medium genetic diversity average. Green turtles of the Mexican Pacific showed common haplotypes to some Australian and Chinese turtles, but different from the haplotypes of the Mexican Atlantic. COI analysis revealed new haplotypes and confirmed that DNA barcodes were useful for evaluation of the population diversity of green turtles in Mexico.
Sea turtles present strategies that have allowed them to survive and reproduce. They spend most of their lives in the sea, except when they emerge as hatchlings from the nest and when the adult ...females return to nest. Those moments of their life cycle are vital for their reproductive success, conservation, and knowledge of their biology. This study reports the life history traits exhibited by female black sea turtles from Colola Beach, Mexico using morphometric and reproductive data obtained during 15 sampling seasons (1985-2000, n = 1500). The results indicate that nesting females have a mean body size of 85.7 cm and reach sexual maturity at 24 years old at a minimum size of 68 cm. Females deposit a mean of 69.3 eggs per clutch, and the mean fecundity was 196.4 eggs per female per season. The remigration intervals of 3 and 5 years were the most frequent registered. The life history traits found in the black sea turtle population present the lowest values reported with respect to studies conducted in the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific green turtle populations, which supports the hypothesis that this population is recovering, since morphometric and reproductive data represent young nesting turtles.
Protein concentrates obtained from discarded grain flours of white chickpea Sinaloa (Cicer arietinum) (CC), “Azufrazin” bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) (BC), and white corn (Zea mays) (MC), were ...characterized biochemically through bromatological analyses (protein, lipid, fiber, moisture, ashes, and nitrogen free extract), HPLC techniques (amino acids content), and spectrophotometry (anti-nutrients: phytic acid, trypsin inhibitors, and saponins). The percentage of protein obtained from CC, BC, and MC was 71.23, 81.10, and 55.69%, respectively. Most peptides in the BC and CC flours had a molecular weight of <1.35 kDa, meanwhile, MC peptides were heavier (1.35 to 17 kDa). The amino acids (AA) profile of flours and protein concentrates were similar; however, all the protein concentrates showed an increased AA accumulation (300 to -400%) compared with their flours. The protein concentrates from BC registered the highest AA accumulation (77.4 g of AA/100 g of protein concentrates). Except for the phytic acid in CC and trypsin inhibitor in CC and MC, respectively, the rest of the protein concentrates exhibited higher amounts of the anti-nutrients compared with their flours; however, these levels do not exceed the reported toxicity for some animals, mainly when used in combination with other ingredients for feed formulations. It is concluded that CC and BC protein concentrates showed better nutritional characteristics than MC (level of protein, size of peptides, and AA profile). After biochemical characterization, protein concentrates derived from by-products have nutritional potential for the animal feed industry.
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•Amino acid content and peptide size of protein concentrates are different to flours.•Saponins inhibitors increased in protein concentrates.•High dry matter yields are obtained from protein concentrates of discarded grains.•This study shows that discarded grains are suitable ingredients for animal diets.
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