► Thermal properties of building envelopes were analysed in an inter-laboratory test in Spain. ► Tested materials were gypsum blocks containing PCM and made by three different ways. ► The effective ...thermal conductivity, the total amount of heat accumulated, and the specific heat were measured. ► The conductivity and Cp results were Blank<Suspension<Microencapsulated<Impregnated. ► The conductivity did not decrease with impregnated PCM due to the PCM filling gypsum pores.
Thermal properties of materials used in building envelopes must be analysed in order to evaluate the thermal response of the constructive system. This thermal characterisation is a key point during the design phase of a building. However, thermal characterisation of constructive systems at laboratory scale is difficult to be carried out under real environment conditions. In this paper, three devices developed by three different research groups in Spain were used to compare in an inter-laboratory test the performance, capabilities and thermal properties of construction systems at lab scale. Tested materials were gypsum blocks containing phase change materials (PCMs) and made by three different ways: using microencapsulated materials Micronal® DS5001, a suspension water/PCM and impregnation with RT21. The effective thermal conductivity, the total amount of heat accumulated, and the specific heat were measured using these homemade devices. k results followed same trend but there was a drift between them due to the samples porosity and thickness. Moreover, the k decreased when adding PCM but this behaviour was not followed by impregnated samples; due to the PCM filling gypsum pores instead of air. The Cp results followed same trend CpBlank<CpSuspension<CpMicroencapsulated<CpImpregnated but a gap between results was observed due to different amount of incorporated PCM.
1,3-Dien-5-ynes have been extensively used as starting materials for the synthesis of a wide number of different carbo- and heterocycles. The aim of this review is to give an overview of their ...utility in organic synthesis, highlighting the variety of compounds that can be directly accessed from single reactions over these systems. Thus, cycloaromatization processes are initially commented, followed by reactions directed toward the syntheses of five-membered rings, other carbocycles and, finally, heterocycles. The diverse methodologies that have been developed for the synthesis of each of these types of compounds from 1,3-dien-5-ynes are presented, emphasizing the influence of the reaction conditions and the use of additional reagents in the outcome of the transformations.
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common articular chronic disease. However, its current treatment is limited and mostly symptomatic. Hydrogen sulfide (H
S) is an endogenous gas with recognized ...physiological activities. The purpose here was to evaluate the effects of the intraarticular administration of a slow-releasing H
S compound (GYY-4137) on an OA experimental model. OA was induced in Wistar rats by the transection of medial collateral ligament and the removal of the medial meniscus of the left joint. The animals were randomized into three groups: non-treated and intraarticularly injected with saline or GYY-4137. Joint destabilization induced articular thickening (≈5% increment), the loss of joint mobility and flexion (≈12-degree angle), and increased levels of pain (≈1.5 points on a scale of 0 to 3). Animals treated with GYY-4137 presented improved motor function of the joint, as well as lower pain levels (≈75% recovery). We also observed that cartilage deterioration was attenuated in the GYY-4137 group (≈30% compared with the saline group). Likewise, these animals showed a reduced presence of pro-inflammatory mediators (cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and metalloproteinase-13) and lower oxidative damage in the cartilage. The increment of the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) levels and Nrf-2-regulated gene expression (≈30%) in the GYY-4137 group seem to be underlying its chondroprotective effects. Our results suggest the beneficial impact of the intraarticular administration of H
S on experimental OA, showing a reduced cartilage destruction and oxidative damage, and supporting the use of slow H
S-producing molecules as a complementary treatment in OA.
Here we addressed the contamination of soils in an abandoned brownfield located in an industrial area. Detailed soil and waste characterisation guided by historical information about the site ...revealed pyrite ashes (a residue derived from the roasting of pyrite ores) as the main environmental risk. In fact, the disposal of pyrite ashes and the mixing of these ashes with soils have affected a large area of the site, thereby causing heavy metal(loid) pollution (As and Pb levels reaching several thousands of ppm).
A full characterisation of the pyrite ashes was thus performed. In this regard, we determined the bioavailable metal species present and their implications, grain-size distribution, mineralogy, and Pb isotopic signature in order to obtain an accurate conceptual model of the site. We also detected significant concentrations of pyrogenic benzo(a)pyrene and other PAHs, and studied the relation of these compounds with the pyrite ashes. In addition, we examined other waste and spills of minor importance within the study site. The information gathered offered an insight into pollution sources, unravelled evidence from the industrial processes that took place decades ago, and identified the co-occurrence of contaminants by means of multivariate statistics.
The environmental forensics study carried out provided greater information than conventional analyses for risk assessment purposes and for the selection of clean-up strategies adapted to future land use.
Display omitted
•Complex legacy of contamination afflicts 20-ha brownfield•As and Pb highest soil pollutants•Forensic study reveals main waste and spills.•Comprehensive study of pyrite ashes (multi-point source of pollution)•Co-occurrence of PAH also linked to pyrite ashes
In depth investigation of nonisothermal drying kinetic, the first stage of thermal decomposition was conducted using thermogravimetric analysis, to deepen the thermal processes' knowledge. The ...studied biomass wastes were peach pits, marc, and stalk from the canning, jam, and wine industries, respectively. The experimental data have been obtained under oxidative and inert atmospheres at different heating rate (5, 10, and 15 K/min), to fit to different isoconversional models to describe drying behavior of agro-industrial wastes. These models were evaluated based on different statistical parameters. The best fitting for all experiments were showed by Jander's model. It is assumed that the three-dimensional diffusion is the drying rate controlling step. The calculated activation energy values are between 20.31 and 48.41 kJ/mol for all agro-industrial wastes at different experimental conditions. Calculated kinetic parameters for the nonisothermal drying under nitrogen atmosphere are generally higher than those for this phenomenon under air atmosphere. Different physicochemical phenomena are produced, which cause this variation during the drying under different atmospheres. Heating rates have a slight effect on the activation energy since the kinetic rate of drying phenomenon is controlled by the physical transformation occurrence, which is dependent on temperature and it is not on mass dependent.
IMAGe syndrome (intrauterine growth restriction, metaphyseal dysplasia, adrenal hypoplasia congenita and genital anomalies) is an undergrowth developmental disorder with life-threatening ...consequences. An identity-by-descent analysis in a family with IMAGe syndrome identified a 17.2-Mb locus on chromosome 11p15 that segregated in the affected family members. Targeted exon array capture of the disease locus, followed by high-throughput genomic sequencing and validation by dideoxy sequencing, identified missense mutations in the imprinted gene CDKN1C (also known as P57KIP2) in two familial and four unrelated patients. A familial analysis showed an imprinted mode of inheritance in which only maternal transmission of the mutation resulted in IMAGe syndrome. CDKN1C inhibits cell-cycle progression, and we found that targeted expression of IMAGe-associated CDKN1C mutations in Drosophila caused severe eye growth defects compared to wild-type CDKN1C, suggesting a gain-of-function mechanism. All IMAGe-associated mutations clustered in the PCNA-binding domain of CDKN1C and resulted in loss of PCNA binding, distinguishing them from the mutations of CDKN1C that cause Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, an overgrowth syndrome.
Summary
Leptin signalling plays a fundamental role in growth, fatness and body composition. The aim of this study was to investigate the porcine LEP gene sequence in an Iberian × Landrace ...experimental cross to identify polymorphisms associated with productivity and quality traits. Because of the documented effects on these traits of the LEPR c.1987C>T polymorphism, the LEP and LEPR c.1987C>T polymorphisms and their interactions have been jointly investigated. The LEP gene sequencing has allowed the identification of 39 polymorphisms, eight of which are novel. Three intronic SNPs, LEP g.1382C>T, LEP g.1387C>T and LEP g.1723A>G, have been genotyped, and association analyses have been carried out. Analyses of LEP g.1387C>T, fully linked to LEP g.1382C>T, have revealed additive effects on live and carcass weights and dominant effects on several backfat thickness measurements. Novel effects of both LEP and LEPR polymorphisms on fatty acid composition in subcutaneous fat have been detected, probably mediated through the effects on fatness. The results reported here suggest that the T alleles of both LEP g.1387C>T and LEPR c.1987C>T, which are fixed in the Iberian pigs, would lead to an increase in growth, fatness and saturated fatty acid content in fat, which could be explained by an increased feed intake.
Purpose
To identify presurgical and surgical factors associated with the development of diabetes insipidus (DI) after pituitary adenoma (PA) resection through an endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal ...approach.
Methods
Data from 231 patients with functioning and non-functioning PAs who underwent an endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach in the last ten years.
Results
231 patients with 241 pituitary surgeries were included. Eighty-five percent harbored macroadenomas and 38.1% of them were invasive.
After pituitary surgery, 12.5% (
n
= 30) developed transient DI and 5.0% (
n
= 12) permanent DI. The global risk of DI was higher in patients younger than 65 years (OR = 2.94,
p
= 0.029), with total tumoral resection (OR = 2.86,
p
= 0.007) and with diaphragm opening during pituitary resection (OR = 3.63,
p
= 0.0003). Once postoperative DI developed, the risk of permanent DI increased in those patients with larger PA (OR = 1.07 for each mm of craniocaudal diameter,
p
= 0.020), especially in those greater than 30 mm (OR = 8.33,
p
= 0.004). Moreover, diaphragm opening during pituitary resection (OR = 28.3, p = 0.018) predicted long-term DI independently of pituitary tumor size. The risk of permanent DI increased as PA craniocaudal diameter increased (
r
= 0.20,
p
= 0.002).
Conclusion
In patients with PAs younger than 65 years, in whom diaphragm has been opened during pituitary surgery and/or with a total tumor resection, special hydric balance monitoring should be maintained in the postoperative period due to the increased risk of developing DI. The risk of permanent DI increases as PA craniocaudal diameter increased.
A nickel‐catalysed reductive cross‐coupling reaction between benzyl sulfonium salts and benzyl bromides is reported. Simple, stable and readily available sulfonium salts have shown their ability as ...leaving groups in cross‐electrophile coupling, allowing the formation of challenging sp3–sp3 carbon‐carbon bonds, towards the synthesis of interesting dihydrostilbene derivatives. In addition, benzyl tosyl derivatives have been demonstrated to be suitable substrates for reductive cross‐coupling by in‐situ formation of the corresponding sulfonium salt.
Catalysed carbon bond formation: A nickel‐catalysed reductive cross‐coupling reaction between benzyl sulfonium salts and benzyl bromides is reported. Simple, stable and readily available sulfonium salts have shown their ability as leaving groups in cross‐electrophile coupling, allowing the construction of challenging sp3–sp3 carbon‐carbon bonds, towards the synthesis of interesting dihydrostilbene derivatives.
α‐Indol‐3‐yl α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds are synthesized from 3‐propargyl indoles, obtained by direct propargylation of indoles, via a gold‐catalyzed tandem oxidation‐1,2‐indole migration ...reaction in the presence of pyridine N‐oxides. Fine‐tuning of the catalyst and oxidant enables the reaction of 3‐propargyl indoles bearing different substituents. The order of oxidation and indole migration is determined by the terminal or internal nature of the alkyne moiety. In addition, the process can be coupled with additional reactions, allowing an increase in molecular complexity or the design of more elaborated tandem reactions. In this sense, indole derivatives bearing an alkenyl substituent at the alkyne position evolve through a gold‐catalyzed tandem oxidation‐1,2‐indole migration‐Nazarov cyclization producing α‐indolyl cyclopentenones.
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