Three isolates of predator fungi Duddingtonia flagrans (AC001), Monacrosporium thaumasium (NF34), and Arthrobotrys robusta (I-31) were assessed in in vitro test regarding the capacity of prey ...infective larvae (L₃) Strongyloides westeri. Compared to control, without fungus, there was a significant decrease (P < 0.01) of 80.4%, 67.9%, and 72.8% in means of infective larvae S. westeri recovered from treatments with isolates AC001, NF34, and I-31, respectively. All tested isolates were efficient in the capture of S. westeri (P > 0.01) in vitro test. Linear regression coefficients of treated and control groups were −0.21 for control, −0.32 for D. flagrans, −0.34 for M. thaumasium, and −0.22 for A. robusta. In the following, isolates AC001 and NF34 were assessed in vivo regarding the capacity of supporting the passage through equine gastrointestinal tract without loss of ability of preying infective larvae S. westeri. Fungal isolates survived the passage and were efficient in preying L₃ since the first 12 h of collection (P < 0.01) in relation to the control group (without fungus). Compared to control, there was a significant decrease (P < 0.01) of 76.4% and 76.7% (12 h), 86.4% and 85.9% (24 h), 88.3% and 87.7% (48 h), and 89.9% and 87.2% (72 h) in means of infective larvae S. westeri recovered from treatments with isolates AC001 and NF34, respectively. Linear regression coefficients of L₃ of recovered S. westeri regarding the collections due to time were 1.93 for control, −3.52 for AC001, and −2.64 for NF34. Fungi D. flagrans and M. thaumasium (NF34) have demonstrated to be promising for use in the biological control of equine parasite S. westeri.
The potential role of companion animals as reservoirs for zoonotic diseases has been recognised as a significant public health problem worldwide. Ancylostoma ceylanicum is the only ancylostomatidae ...species known for infecting human beings. This article aimed to compare the predatory capacity of predatory fungi isolates Duddingtonia flagrans (AC001), Monacrosporium thaumasium (NF34), Monacrosporium sinense (SF53) and Arthrobotrys robusta (I31) on A. ceylanicum infectious larvae (L3) in a 2% water–agar plate. There was no predatory capacity variation among the fungi tested (P>0.05) over the 7-day period experimental assay. When compared to the control (without fungi), there was a significant reduction (P<0.05) of 95.6%, 85.1%, 87.4% and 90.2% on the A. ceylanicum L3 mean recovered from treatments with isolates AC001, NF34, SF53 and I31, respectively. Regarding linear regression coefficients, negative values were noted for treatments, therefore indicating A. ceylanicum non-predated larvae reduction over 7 days. In this work, all predatory fungi isolates were efficient at capturing and destroying in vitro the A. ceylanicum L3; therefore being able to be used as biological controllers of such nematode.
Modeling of biotechnological processes is difficult due to their nonlinear characteristics. Therefore, an artificial neural network was developed as a viable option for the prediction of the main ...variables of the tertiary treatment with Chlorella vulgaris. The network was designed with a hyperbolic tangent activation function and trained using a set of experimental and simulated data. The Levenberg‐Marquardt algorithm was used to train the network; four input neurons (luminosity, ammonium ion, phosphate, and initial biomass concentrations) and two output neurons (ammonium ion and phosphate concentrations) were fixed. The network architecture with one hidden layer 4,7,2 was chosen because it presented the lowest mean square error of the test combined with high R2, indicating that the network provides a good model for use in real applications.
Using tansig, an artificial neural network was created to predict the effects of tertiary treatment of a sanitary effluent by microalgae, and the Levenberg‐Marquardt optimization algorithm was applied. The network architecture with one hidden layer 4,7,2 resulted in a low mean square error combined with a high correlation coefficient, indicating that the network is able to predict the process.
Biological control of gastrointestinal nematodiasis in ruminants is an alternative to reduce the number of infective larvae. The fungal isolates predatory activity preservation is a basic requirement ...for the success of this control type. The aim of this work is to evaluate the predatory capacity of the fungus
Arthrobotrys robusta
(isolate I-31), preserved on silica gel on infective larvae of
Haemonchus contortus
under laboratory conditions on 2 % water agar (2 % WA). In this essay,
A. robusta
storage on silica gel showed successful predatory activity on
H. contortus
L
3
larvae (
p
< 0.01) compared to the control group. Nematophagous fungi were not observed in the control group during the experiment. There was a significant reduction (
p
< 0.01) of 73.84 % in the means of
H. contortus
(L
3
) recovered from treatment with isolate I-31 compared to the control without fungi. Results indicate that
A. robusta
(I-31) could survive stored on silica gel for at least 7 years and keep its predatory activity on
H. contortus
(L
3
).
The ovicidal activity of the nematophagous fungi
Pochonia chlamydosporia (isolates VC1 and VC4),
Duddingtonia flagrans (isolate AC001) and
Monacrosporium thaumasium (isolate NF34) on
Taenia saginata ...eggs was evaluated under laboratory conditions.
T. saginata eggs were plated on 2% water-agar with fungal isolates and controls without fungus and examined after 5, 10 and 15 days. At the end of the experiment
P. chlamydosporia showed ovicidal activity against
T. saginata eggs (
p
<
0.05), mainly for internal egg colonization with results of 12.8% (VC1) and 2.2% (VC4); 18.1% (VC1) and 7.0% (VC4); 9.76% (VC1) and 8.0% (VC4) at 5, 10 and 15 days, respectively. The other fungi showed only lytic effect without morphological damage to the eggshell. Results demonstrated that
P. chlamydosporia was effective
in vitro against
T. saginata eggs unlike the other fungi.
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a syndrome characterized by neurological signs, seizures and coma. Despite the fact that CM presents similarities with cerebral stroke, few studies have focused on new ...supportive therapies for the disease. Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy has been successfully used in patients with numerous brain disorders such as stroke, migraine and atherosclerosis.
C57BL/6 mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) were exposed to daily doses of HBO (100% O(2), 3.0 ATA, 1-2 h per day) in conditions well-tolerated by humans and animals, before or after parasite establishment. Cumulative survival analyses demonstrated that HBO therapy protected 50% of PbA-infected mice and delayed CM-specific neurological signs when administrated after patent parasitemia. Pressurized oxygen therapy reduced peripheral parasitemia, expression of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma and IL-10 mRNA levels and percentage of gammadelta and alphabeta CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes sequestered in mice brains, thus resulting in a reduction of blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and hypothermia.
The data presented here is the first indication that HBO treatment could be used as supportive therapy, perhaps in association with neuroprotective drugs, to prevent CM clinical outcomes, including death.
The ovicidal effect of the nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia on eggs of Ascaris suum was tested under laboratory conditions. A. suum eggs were plated on 2% water-agar with seven fungal ...isolates (Isol. 5, Isol. 31, Isol. 1, VC1, Isol. 12, Isol. 22 and VC4) and control without fungus. After 5, 7, 10, 14, 15 and 21 days of incubation, approximately 100 eggs were removed from the plates and classified according to the following parameters: type 1, biochemical and physiological effect without morphological damage to the eggshell, type 2, lytic effect with morphological alteration of the eggshell and embryo and type 3, lytic effect with morphological alteration of eggshell and embryo showing hyphal penetration and internal egg colonization. The isolates effectively destroyed A. suum eggs and all types of effects were observed during the experiment. There was no variation in ovicidal capacity (type 3 effect) among the isolates (p > 0.05) throughout the experiment. After 21 days, isolate 5 showed the highest percentages of type 3 effect (58.33%). The results indicated that P. chlamydosporia (Isol. 5, Isol. 31, Isol. 1, VC1, Isol. 12, Isol. 22 and VC4) can destroy A. suum eggs and is, therefore, a potential biological control agent of nematodes.
This work was performed to determine the predatory capacity
in vitro
of the nematophagous fungus
Duddingtonia flagrans
(isolate AC001) on cyathostomin infective larvae of horse (L
3
). The ...experimental assay was carried out on plates with 2% water-agar (2% WA). In the treated group, each plate contained 1.000 L
3
and 1.000 conidia of the fungus. The control group without fungus only contained 1.000 L
3
in the plates. Ten random fields (4 mm diameter) were examined per plate of treated and control groups, every 24 h for seven days under an optical microscope (10× and 40× objective lens) for non-predated L
3
counts. After 7 days, the non-predated L
3
were recovered from the Petri dishes using the Baermann method. The interaction there was a significant reduction (
p
< 0.01) of 93.64% in the cyathostomin L
3
recovered. The results showed that the
D. flagrans
is a potential candidate to the biological control of horse cyathostomin L
3
.
The aim of this work was to analyse the enzymatic activity and in vitro ovicidal effect of Pochonia chlamydosporia (VC1 and VC4) and Paecilomyces lilacinus (PL1) on Oxyuris equi eggs of horses. The ...growth of isolates and their enzymatic production were evaluated on agar media supplemented with gelatin (GA), casein (CA), olive oil (OOA) or starch (SSA). The ovicidal effect was evaluated according to morphological alterations. Following, the P. chlamydosporia crude extract production and proteolytic content was evaluated (VC1 and VC4) in liquid medium at the interval of 15, 30, 45 and 60 min during incubation of P. chlamydosporia and P. lilacinus which grew and showed enzymatic activity on agar media (GA, CA, OOA and SSA). At the 15th day, VC1, VC4 and PL1 showed results on GA, CA, OOA and SSA media, for Type 3 effect of (78, 54, 52 and 68%), (72, 50, 58 and 78%) and (62, 57, 65 and 63%). Pochonia chlamydosporia was able to grow in liquid medium (gelatin) and at Day 5 showed proteolytic activity. The results of the present work suggest that P. chlamydosporia and P. lilacinus can be used in the biological control of O. equi eggs.
Toxocara (Neoascaris) vitulorum is a gastrointestinal nematode parasite of young ruminants, responsible for high mortality rates in parasitized cattle and buffalo calves. The objective of this work ...was to compare the predatory capacity under laboratory conditions of four fungal isolates of the nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia (VC1, VC4, VC5 and VC12) on T. vitulorum eggs in 2% water-agar (2% WA). T. vitulorum eggs were plated on 2% WA Petri dishes which contained cultured fungal isolates and control plates without fungi. After 10 and 15 days one hundred eggs were removed and classified according to the following parameters: type 1, biochemical and physiological effect without morphological damage to the eggshell, type 2, lytic effect with morphological alteration of the eggshell and embryo and type 3, lytic effect with morphological alteration of eggshell and embryo in addition to hyphal penetration and internal egg colonization. The fungal isolates were effective in the destruction of T. vitulorum eggs presenting the type 3 effect at 10 and 15 days after contact with the fungus. No nematophagous fungi were observed in the control group during the experiment. There was no variation in the predatory capacity of the fungal isolates (P > 0.01) at the intervals of 10 and 15 days. These results indicate that P. chlamydosporia (VC1, VC4, VC5 and VC12) negatively influenced the development of T. vitulorum eggs and can be considered a potential candidate for the biological control of nematodes.
PDF
