Multimorbidity in Heart Failure: A Community Perspective Chamberlain, Alanna M., PhD, MPH; St. Sauver, Jennifer L., PhD, MPH; Gerber, Yariv, PhD ...
The American journal of medicine,
01/2015, Letnik:
128, Številka:
1
Journal Article
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Abstract Background Comorbidities are a major concern in heart failure, leading to adverse outcomes, increased health care utilization, and excess mortality. Nevertheless, the epidemiology of ...comorbid conditions and differences in their occurrence by type of heart failure and sex are not well documented. Methods The prevalence of 16 chronic conditions defined by the US Department of Health and Human Services was obtained among 1382 patients from Olmsted County, Minn. diagnosed with first-ever heart failure between 2000 and 2010. Heat maps displayed the pairwise prevalences of the comorbidities and the observed-to-expected ratios for occurrence of morbidity pairs by type of heart failure (preserved or reduced ejection fraction) and sex. Results Most heart failure patients had 2 or more additional chronic conditions (86%); the most prevalent were hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and arrhythmias. The co-occurrence of other cardiovascular diseases was common, with higher prevalences of co-occurring cardiovascular diseases in men compared with women. Patients with preserved ejection fraction had one additional condition compared with those with reduced ejection fraction (mean 4.5 vs 3.7). The patterns of co-occurring conditions were similar between preserved and reduced ejection fraction; however, differences in the ratios of observed-to-expected co-occurrence were apparent by type of heart failure and sex. In addition, some psychological and neurological conditions co-occurred more frequently than expected. Conclusion Multimorbidity is common in heart failure, and differences in co-occurrence of conditions exist by type of heart failure and sex, highlighting the need for a better understanding of the clinical consequences of multiple chronic conditions in heart failure patients.
OBJECTIVE To assess the association between erectile dysfunction (ED) and the long-term risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) and the role of age as a modifier of this association. PARTICIPANTS AND ...METHODS From January 1, 1996, to December 31, 2005, we biennially screened a random sample of 1402 community-dwelling men with regular sexual partners and without known CAD for the presence of ED. Incidence densities of CAD were calculated after age stratification and adjusted for potential confounders by time-dependent Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS The prevalence of ED was 2% for men aged 40 to 49 years, 6% for men aged 50 to 59 years, 17% for men aged 60 to 69 years, and 39% for men aged 70 years or older. The CAD incidence densities per 1000 person-years for men without ED in each age group were 0.94 (40-49 years), 5.09 (50-59 years), 10.72 (60-69 years), and 23.30 (≥70 years). For men with ED, the incidence densities of CAD for each age group were 48.52 (40-49 years), 27.15 (50-59 years), 23.97 (60-69 years), and 29.63 (≥70 years). CONCLUSION ED and CAD may be differing manifestations of a common underlying vascular pathology. When ED occurs in a younger man, it is associated with a marked increase in the risk of future cardiac events, whereas in older men, ED appears to be of little prognostic importance. Young men with ED may be ideal candidates for cardiovascular risk factor screening and medical intervention.
The prognostic significance of the clinical presentation of atrial fibrillation (AF) is poorly defined.
The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency, associations, and prognostic impact ...of different clinical presentations of new-onset AF.
One thousand patients with incident AF in Olmsted County, Minnesota, were randomly selected (2000-2010). Patients with AF that was complicated at presentation (heart failure n = 71, thromboembolism n = 24), provoked (n = 346), or unable to determine symptoms (n = 83) were excluded. In the remaining patients, characteristics and prognosis associated with different types of symptoms were examined.
Among 476 patients, 193 had typical (palpitations), 122 had atypical (other non-palpitation symptoms), and 161 had asymptomatic AF presentation. Patients with typical presentation had lower CHA2DS2-VASc scores (mean 2.3 ± 2) compared to atypical and asymptomatic presentation (mean 3.2 ± 1.8 and 3.3 ± 1.9, respectively; P <.001). Fifty-nine cerebrovascular events and 149 deaths (n = 49 cardiovascular) were documented over median 5.6 and 6.0 years, respectively. Atypical and asymptomatic AF conferred higher risks of cerebrovascular events compared to typical AF after adjustment for CHA2DS2-VASc score and age (hazard ratio HR 3.51, 95% confidence interval CI 1.65-7.48, and HR 2.70, 95% CI 1.29-5.66, respectively), and associations remained statistically significant after further adjustments including comorbidities and warfarin use. Asymptomatic AF was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular (HR 3.12, 95% CI 1.50-6.45) and all-cause mortality (HR 2.96, 95% CI 1.89-4.64) compared to typical AF after adjustment for CHA2DS2-VASc score and age.
The type of clinical presentation may have important implications for the prognosis of new-onset AF in the community.
Designated as an emerging epidemic in 1997, heart failure (HF) remains a major clinical and public health problem. This review focuses on the most recent studies identified by searching the Medline ...database for publications with the subject headings HF, epidemiology, prevalence, incidence, trends between 2010 and present. Publications relevant to epidemiology and population sciences were retained for discussion in this review after reviewing abstracts for relevance to these topics. Studies of the epidemiology of HF over the past decade have improved our understanding of the HF syndrome and of its complexity. Data suggest that the incidence of HF is mostly flat or declining but that the burden of mortality and hospitalization remains mostly unabated despite significant ongoing efforts to treat and manage HF. The evolution of the case mix of HF continues to be characterized by an increasing proportion of cases with preserved ejection fraction, for which established effective treatments are mostly lacking. Major disparities in the occurrence, presentation, and outcome of HF persist particularly among younger Black men and women. These disturbing trends reflect the complexity of the HF syndrome, the insufficient mechanistic understanding of its various manifestations and presentations and the challenges of its management as a chronic disease, often integrated within a context of aging and multimorbidity. Emerging risk factors including omics science offer the promise of discovering new mechanistic pathways that lead to HF. Holistic management approaches must recognize HF as a syndemic and foster the implementation of multidisciplinary approaches to address major contributors to the persisting burden of HF including multimorbidity, aging, and social determinants of health.
Heart failure incidence increases with advancing age, and approximately half of patients with heart failure have preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Although diastolic dysfunction plays a ...role in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, little is known about age-dependent longitudinal changes in diastolic function in community populations.
To measure changes in diastolic function over time and to determine the relationship between diastolic dysfunction and the risk of subsequent heart failure.
Population-based cohort of participants enrolled in the Olmsted County Heart Function Study. Randomly selected participants 45 years or older (N = 2042) underwent clinical evaluation, medical record abstraction, and echocardiography (examination 1 1997-2000). Diastolic left ventricular function was graded as normal, mild, moderate, or severe by validated Doppler techniques. After 4 years, participants were invited to return for examination 2 (2001-2004). The cohort of participants returning for examination 2 (n = 1402 of 1960 surviving 72%) then underwent follow-up for ascertainment of new-onset heart failure (2004-2010).
Change in diastolic function grade and incident heart failure.
During the 4 (SD, 0.3) years between examinations 1 and 2, diastolic dysfunction prevalence increased from 23.8% (95% confidence interval CI, 21.2%-26.4%) to 39.2% (95% CI, 36.3%-42.2%) (P < .001). Diastolic function grade worsened in 23.4% (95% CI, 20.9%-26.0%) of participants, was unchanged in 67.8% (95% CI, 64.8%-70.6%), and improved in 8.8% (95% CI, 7.1%-10.5%). Worsened diastolic dysfunction was associated with age 65 years or older (odds ratio, 2.85 95% CI, 1.77-4.72). During 6.3 (SD, 2.3) years of additional follow-up, heart failure occurred in 2.6% (95% CI, 1.4%-3.8%), 7.8% (95% CI, 5.8%-13.0%), and 12.2% (95% CI, 8.5%-18.4%) of persons whose diastolic function normalized or remained normal, remained or progressed to mild dysfunction, or remained or progressed to moderate or severe dysfunction, respectively (P < .001). Diastolic dysfunction was associated with incident heart failure after adjustment for age, hypertension, diabetes, and coronary artery disease (hazard ratio, 1.81 95% CI, 1.01-3.48).
In a population-based cohort undergoing 4 years of follow-up, prevalence of diastolic dysfunction increased. Diastolic dysfunction was associated with development of heart failure during 6 years of subsequent follow-up.
To examine the association between depression and clinical outcomes in heart failure (HF) in a community cohort.
HF patients in Minnesota, United States completed depression screening using the ...9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) between 1st Oct 2007 and 1st Dec 2011; patients with PHQ-9≥5 were labelled "depressed". We calculated the risk of death and first hospitalization within 2 years using Cox regression. Results were adjusted for 10 commonly used prognostic factors (age, sex, systolic blood pressure, estimated glomerular filtration rate, serum sodium, ejection fraction, blood urea nitrogen, brain natriuretic peptide, presence of diabetes and ischaemic aetiology). Area under the curve (AUC), integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) and net reclassification improvement (NRI) compared depression as a predictor against the aforementioned factors.
425 patients (mean age 74, 57.6% males) were included in the study; 179 (42.1%) had PHQ-9≥5. The adjusted hazard ratio of death was 2.02 (95% CI 1.34-3.04) and of hospitalization was 1.42 (95% CI 1.13-1.80) for those with compared to those without depression. Adding depression to the models did not appreciably change the AUC but led to statistically significant improvements in both the IDI (p = 0.001 and p = 0.005 for death and hospitalization, respectively) and NRI (for death and hospitalization, 35% (p = 0.002) and 27% (p = 0.007) were reclassified correctly, respectively).
Depression is frequent among community patients with HF and associated with increased risk of hospitalizations and death. Risk prediction for death and hospitalizations in HF patients can be improved by considering depression.
To examine the impact of systemic inflammation and serum lipids on cardiovascular disease (CVD) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
In a population-based RA incident cohort (1987 American College of ...Rheumatology criteria first met between 1988 and 2007), details were collected of serum lipid measures, erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESRs), C-reactive protein (CRP) measures and cardiovascular events, including ischaemic heart disease and heart failure. Cox models were used to examine the association of lipids and inflammation with the risk of CVD and mortality, adjusting for age, sex and year of RA incidence.
The study included 651 patients with RA (mean age 55.8 years, 69% female); 67% were rheumatoid factor positive. ESR was associated with the risk of CVD (HR=1.2 per 10 mm/h increase, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.3). Similar findings, although not statistically significant, were seen with CRP (p=0.07). A significant non-linear association for total cholesterol (TCh) with risk of CVD was found, with 3.3-fold increased risk for TCh <4 mmol/l (95% CI 1.5 to 7.2) and no increased risk of CVD for TCh ≥4 mmol/l (p=0.57). Low low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL <2 mmol/l) was associated with marginally increased risk of CVD (p=0.10); there was no increased risk for LDL ≥2 mmol/l (p=0.76).
Inflammatory measures (particularly, ESR) are significantly associated with the risk of CVD in RA. Lipids may have paradoxical associations with the risk of CVD in RA, whereby lower TCh and LDL levels are associated with increased cardiovascular risk.
To describe the prevalence of multimorbidity involving 20 selected chronic conditions in a geographically defined US population, emphasizing age, sex, and racial/ethnic differences.
Using the ...Rochester Epidemiology Project records linkage system, we identified all residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, on April 1, 2010, and electronically extracted the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes associated with all health care visits made between April 1, 2005, and March 31, 2010 (5-year capture frame). Using these codes, we defined the 20 common chronic conditions recommended by the US Department of Health and Human Services. We counted only persons who received at least 2 codes for a given condition separated by more than 30 days, and we calculated the age-, sex-, and race/ethnicity-specific prevalence of multimorbidity.
Of the 138,858 study participants, 52.4% were women (n=72,732) and 38.9% had 1 or more conditions (n=54,012), 22.6% had 2 or more conditions (n=31,444), and 4.9% had 5 or more conditions (n=6853). The prevalence of multimorbidity (≥2 conditions) increased steeply with older age and reached 77.3% at 65 years and older. However, the absolute number of people affected by multimorbidity was higher in those younger than 65 years. Although the prevalence of multimorbidity was similar in men and women overall, the most common dyads and triads of conditions varied by sex. Compared with white persons, the prevalence of multimorbidity was slightly higher in black persons and slightly lower in Asian persons.
Multimorbidity is common in the general population; it increases steeply with older age, has different patterns in men and women, and varies by race/ethnicity.
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