El material particulado, medido como PM10, es el contaminante que más afecta la calidad del aire en Bogotá. Conocer la composición del material particulado es crucial para entender cuáles son las ...fracciones químicas que más aportan a ese contaminante e identificar posibles fuentes generadoras de él. En este artículo se presenta el resultado de la caracterización de especies iónicas, fracciones carbonáceas, metales y elementos minerales del material particulado en dos puntos de Bogotá. Con base en los resultados de caracterización se realiza un análisis de neutralidad iónica y reconstrucción másica para comparar la consistencia de los resultados obtenidos. La composición es diferente para cada sector, pero en general las fracciones que más aportan al material particulado son la geológica (asociada a polvo fugitivo y resuspendido), entre el 37 y 42%; las fracciones carbonáceas, que son las que más aportan, entre un 12 y 11% para el carbono elemental y un 43 y 34% para materia orgánica; la fracción iónica se encontró entre un 5 y 8%.
Bogota is the largest city in Colombia and is considered one of the most ones polluted in Latin America. The annual average PM10 concentration in the city is 55μg/m3, being as high as 90μg/m3 in the ...western region of the city. In this study, two sites in the western region were selected to assess the PM10 contribution from different sources. Two sets of fifty five 24–hour PM10 samples were taken at each site on quartz and Teflon filters. Chemical analysis of these samples was conducted to determine the ion, metal, and organic and elemental carbon concentrations. Ionic balance and mass closure were performed to check the consistency of chemical analysis. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was then applied to determine the source contributions. Mobile sources and fugitive windblown dust were found to be the most significant sources of PM10 at both sites. An ion factor and a secondary aerosol source factor were identified at one site, whereas industry–related factors were identified at the other site, as expected in an area with a high density of small and medium industrial facilities. While it is true that source apportionment studies have been conducted worldwide, this is the first time that the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model is applied in Bogota using full PM10 chemical speciation data, including carbonaceous materials, metals and ions. It is also the first time that a receptor model is applied simultaneously in two sites of the city. We aim that the results from this study will support environmental authorities in designing effective air pollution abatement measures in the city.
Este artículo muestra una evaluación de los métodos de medición de emisiones de contaminantes del aire requeridos con fines regulatorios por el IDEAM y las autoridades ambientales en Colombia, en ...particular el muestreo de emisiones de material particulado en chimeneas y la medición de opacidad en tubos de escape de motores diesel. La metodología de evaluación incluyó la identificación y valoración de factores críticos, la revisión de los controles actualmente existentes y un ejercicio práctico de evaluación de desempeño. Se detectaron deficiencias serias de entrenamiento del personal involucrado en los muestreos de chimenea, lo cual implica la necesidad de implantar un esquema de entrenamiento y certificación. Por otro lado, existe una falta de conocimiento particular de los equipos de medición de opacidad y sobre cómo cumplir la norma técnica aplicable; estoindica que se necesita establecer un mejor procedimiento técnico de acreditación para los equipos de medición de opacidad en tubos de escape de motores diésel.
Determinar la procedencia de los contaminantes del aire registrados por una red de monitoreo es fundamental para diseñar acciones de prevención y control de la contaminación. Con este fin, se ...analizaron, mediante la aplicación Openair®, los registros de material particulado (PM10 y PM2.5), velocidad y dirección de los vientos, en 10 estaciones de monitoreo de calidad del aire en Bogotá para el período 2009-2011, encontrándose la influencia de fuentes locales y regionales. Se determinaron altas concentraciones de material particulado relacionadas con velocidades de viento superiores a 5 m/s procedentes del occidente, lo cual sugiere un transporte regional de contaminantes desde los municipios vecinos del occidente de la ciudad (Soacha, Funza, Mosquera, Madrid), hacia su centro geográfico. Estos municipios concentran actividad industrial y transporte pesado de bienes desde y hacia Bogotá. Las fuentes localizadas al interior de la ciudad, en particular aquellas que emplean carbón como combustible y las fuentes móviles que transitan sobre las vías principales, contribuyen a generar altos niveles de material particulado cuando los vientos son débiles, pero en menor magnitud que las fuentes externas.
Determinar la procedencia de los contaminantes del aire registrados por una red de monitoreo es fundamental para diseñar acciones de prevención y control de la contaminación. Con este fin, se ...analizaron, mediante la aplicación OpenairR, los registros de material particulado (PM.sub.10 y PM.sub.2.5), velocidad y dirección de los vientos, en 10 estaciones de monitoreo de calidad del aire en Bogotá para el período 2009-2011, encontrándose la influencia de fuentes locales y regionales. Se determinaron altas concentraciones de material particulado relacionadas con velocidades de viento superiores a 5 m/s procedentes del occidente, lo cual sugiere un transporte regional de contaminantes desde los municipios vecinos del occidente de la ciudad (Soacha, Funza, Mosquera, Madrid), hacia su centro geográfico. Estos municipios concentran actividad industrial y transporte pesado de bienes desde y hacia Bogotá. Las fuentes localizadas al interior de la ciudad, en particular aquellas que emplean carbón como combustible y las fuentes móviles que transitan sobre las vías principales, contribuyen a generar altos niveles de material particulado cuando los vientos son débiles, pero en menor magnitud que las fuentes externas.
Vehicular emissions are the main contributors to air pollution in urban centers, causing adverse health outcomes; therefore, an accurate estimation of the emission fluxes from this source is vital. ...In this work, three vehicular emission inventories were developed using two emission models (IVE and COPERT) and two estimation approaches (Top-down vs Bottom.up). The inventories were developed for the same region (Manizales) and base year (2017), and were validated through air quality simulations using the WRF-Chem model. For that purpose, WRF-Chem predictions of CO were compared against ground measurements in order to identify which inventory led to the most accurate representation of pollution patterns in the city The emission inventories exhibited noticeable differences. Using the COPERT/Top-down inventory as reference, CO emissions with the COPERT/bottom-up and IVE/Top-down inventory were 44% and 118% higher, respectively. The discrepancies between the COPERT/Top-down and COPERT/Bottom-up inventories were caused because the later approach led to higher activity factors; hence, increasing emissions. On the other hand, the differences between the COPERT/Top-down and IVE/Top-down inventories were generated due to the different approaches to relate emission factors with activity factors of each emission model. COPERT relates emission factors with the average traveling speed, while IVE considers the vehicle specific power, which accounts not only for average speed, but for acceleration, vehicle weight, road slopes among other variables. WRF-Chem predictions exhibited a strong sensitivity to the emission inventories. Although all the scenarios led to underestimations of CO, the IVE/Top-down emission inventory allows a reduction of mean bias and mean gross error; hence, providing the most accurate results. On the contrary, the worst model performance was obtained with the COPERT/Bottom-up emission inventory. These results indicated that IVE emission model is more representative of the actual vehicle operating conditions in the city of Manizales.
Particulate matter, measured as PM10, is the most concerning airborne pollutant in Bogotá. Determining its chemical composition is important for understanding its potential effects and to estimate ...various sources' contribution to such pollution. This paper gives the results of characterising the ionic species, carbonaceous material, metals and crustal elements present in airborne PM10 in Bogotá. An ion charge balance and mass reconstruction were done for determining consistency between chemical characterisation and gravimetric PM10. The composition was different in each area; however, the fractions contributing most to PM10 were crustal, 37% to 42% was related to fugitive and suspended dust, 12% to 11% was related to carbonaceous fractions, 43% to elemental carbon, 34% for organic matter and 5% to 8% for ionic fractions.
Objetivo Estimar los beneficios en salud asociados a la reducción de la concentración promedioanual de material particulado PM10, entre el 2010 y el 2020 a 50 μg/m3, por Unidades de Planeamiento ...Zonal en Bogotá. Materiales y Métodos Se determinaron los casos de morbilidad y mortalidad atribuibles a la contaminación por PM10 y se estimó su valoración económica año por año usando BenMap®, consolidando los resultados por localidad y por Unidades de PlaneamientoZonal. Se utilizó funciones de concentración-respuesta para determinar los casos atribuibles en mortalidad y hospitalizaciones por causas respiratorias y cardiovasculares, mientras que para los demás servicios hospitalarios analizados, se usaron proporciones del servicio con respecto a la tasa de hospitalización. Resultados Podrían evitarse 21 000 muertes para mayores de 30 años y 900 muertes en menores de un año por exposición a largo plazo.Para menores de 5 años, podrían evitarse 1 2000 hospitalizaciones por causas respiratorias, 3800 atenciones en salas de urgencias, 34 000 visitas a salas ERA y 2 500 visitas a las unidades de cuidados intensivos. Para mayores de 5 años, se evitarían alrededor de 44 000 hospitalizaciones por causas respiratorias, 350 hospitalizaciones por causas cardiovasculares (en mayores de 65 años), y 155 000 atenciones en las salas de urgencias en todo el período. Conclusiones Se obtendrían beneficios económicos alrededor de 180 mil millones de pesos en los costos de enfermedad y un beneficio económico de más de 21 billones de pesos en mortalidad, entre el 2010 y 2020 para Bogotá.
Approximately 93% of the world’s children under 15 are exposed to ambient PM2,5 levels exceeding the World Health Organization’s guidelines. PM2,5 and other air pollutants affect children’s mental ...and motor development, as well as their lung function, even at low concentrations. In low- and middle-income countries, the effects are potentially stronger because of the weaker land-use policies in place, which increases households’ proximity to industrial sources. Such is the case of areas with mixed land use in western Bogota, Colombia. In this work, the exposure of children to PM2,5 at a school in the Puente Aranda district was estimated. PM2,5 concentrations were measured using low-volume area samplers during school hours in February 2020. Information on the children’s daily activity was recorded in order to estimate the physical effort applied during their normal school activities, and the minors’ respiratory symptomatologies were consulted with their parents. The inhaled dose was estimated using inhalation rates. The results showed that children aged three to five inhale the highest doses and report higher rates of respiratory symptoms. Indoor PM2,5 concentrations were consistently higher, agreeing with previous reports, probably because of dust resuspension and poor classroom ventilation. Air pollution mitigation measures must be put into effect in order to protect this highly vulnerable population. These measures will also positively affect the safe return of students to school activities after the pandemic lockdown.
Rapidly urbanizing cities in Latin America experience high levels of air pollution which are known risk factors for population health. However, the estimates of long-term exposure to air pollution ...are scarce in the region. We developed intraurban land use regression (LUR) models to map long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM
) and nitrogen dioxide (NO
) in the five largest cities in Colombia. We conducted air pollution measurement campaigns using gravimetric PM
and passive NO
sensors for 2 weeks during both the dry and rainy seasons in 2021 in the cities of Barranquilla, Bucaramanga, Bogotá, Cali, and Medellín, and combined these data with geospatial and meteorological variables. Annual models were developed using multivariable spatial regression models. The city annual PM
mean concentrations measured ranged between 12.32 and 15.99 µg/m
while NO
concentrations ranged between 24.92 and 49.15 µg/m
. The PM
annual models explained 82% of the variance (R
) in Medellín, 77% in Bucaramanga, 73% in Barranquilla, 70% in Cali, and 44% in Bogotá. The NO
models explained 65% of the variance in Bucaramanga, 57% in Medellín, 44% in Cali, 40% in Bogotá, and 30% in Barranquilla. Most of the predictor variables included in the models were a combination of specific land use characteristics and roadway variables. Cross-validation suggests that PM
outperformed NO
models. The developed models can be used as exposure estimate in epidemiological studies, as input in hybrid models to improve personal exposure assessment, and for policy evaluation.
PDF
