To describe and interpret the methodologies and results of the main studies related to the monitoring of exposure of cyclists to air pollution.
Research and analysis of national and international ...research of the last ten years in the Cochrane, Scopus, Embase, Science Direct and Pubmed databases. The search was conducted in August and September 2017 using the following search descriptors for MeSH: air pollution, bicycle riding, environmental exposure, environmental health, exposure by inhalation, environmental pollutants, transportation, public health and toxicology. For DeCS: air Pollution, cycling, exposure to environmental risks, environmental pollutants, inhalation, transportation, public health and toxicology.
Nineteen eligible published articles were identified. Most studies were conducted in Europe and the United States. Four studies have been reported in South America. Other studies seek comparisons on different bicycle routes, compare exposure during variations of the same route, and others determine the distance-exposure relationship. In the same way, variables such as vehicular traffic, distance to the emission sources and the type of bike path, play a fundamental role in the exposure to pollutants in cyclists.
Several variables were found that influence, directly or indirectly, the cyclists exposure to air pollution, as well as some factors that can reduce this exposure.
Objetivos Cuantificar niveles urinarios de 1-hidroxipireno (1-OHP) y 3-hidroxibenzo a pireno (3-BAP) metabolitos de hidrocarburos policíclicos aromáticos (HAP) de interés toxicológico y relacionar su ...detección con el grado de exposición a material particulado de tamaño menor a 10 micras (PM10) u otros factores, en una población de Policías de Tránsito ocupacionalmente expuestos en el área metropolitana de Bogotá D.C. Métodos Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal en 524 Policías de Tránsito de los cuales 413 desarrollaban funciones operativas y 111 administrativas. Se tomaron muestras de orina de todos los individuos incluidos, para la determinación de metabolitos de HAP mediante cromatografía de gases con detección de masas. Se analizó la presencia de factores asociados con la detección de los metabolitos como tabaquismo, consumo de alimentos asados, lugar de residencia y exposición a PM10. Como medida de asociación se calcularon Odds Ratio (OR). Resultados Se encontraron niveles de 1-OHP y 3-BAP superiores en los individuos expuestos con OR significativos para detección de los metabolitos de 6,3 IC 95 % (3,6-11,1) y 15,6 IC 95 % (6,2-39), respectivamente. Se hallaron OR significativos para detección de metabolitos de HAP y exposición a PM10, tabaquismo y consumo de alimentos asados. Discusión Existe una asociación importante y significativa entre la exposición laboral a contaminación ambiental y la detección de metabolitos de HAP de importancia toxicológica en muestras de orina. Factores tales como tabaquismo, consumo de alimentos asados recientemente y exposición a PM10 también se encontraron asociados positivamente con la detección de dichos metabolitos pero en menor proporción.
This study delves into the photochemical atmospheric changes reported globally during the pandemic by analyzing the change in emissions from mobile sources and the contribution of local meteorology ...to ozone (O3) and particle formation in Bogotá (Colombia), Santiago (Chile), and São Paulo (Brazil). The impact of mobility reductions (50%–80%) produced by the early coronavirus-imposed lockdown was assessed through high-resolution vehicular emission inventories, surface measurements, aerosol optical depth and size, and satellite observations of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) columns. A generalized additive model (GAM) technique was also used to separate the local meteorology and urban patterns from other drivers relevant for O3 and NO2 formation. Volatile organic compounds, nitrogen oxides (NOx), and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) decreased significantly due to motorized trip reductions. In situ nitrogen oxide median surface mixing ratios declined by 70%, 67%, and 67% in Bogotá, Santiago, and São Paulo, respectively. NO2 column medians from satellite observations decreased by 40%, 35%, and 47%, respectively, which was consistent with the changes in mobility and surface mixing ratio reductions of 34%, 25%, and 34%. However, the ambient NO2 to NOx ratio increased, denoting a shift of the O3 formation regime that led to a 51%, 36%, and 30% increase in the median O3 surface mixing ratios in the 3 respective cities. O3 showed high sensitivity to slight temperature changes during the pandemic lockdown period analyzed. However, the GAM results indicate that O3 increases were mainly caused by emission changes. The lockdown led to an increase in the median of the maximum daily 8-h average O3 of between 56% and 90% in these cities.
Este artículo presenta una revisión de estudios comparativos entre las emisiones de material particulado por la combustión de diesel de petróleo, biodiesel y mezclas de los dos combustibles, basados ...no sólo en la concentración másica de las partículas emitidas, sino también en la distribución de su tamaño, concentración y composición química. Finalmente, se presenta la necesidad del país de realizar una caracterización completa de las emisiones de material particulado por la combustión de diesel, biodiesel de aceite de palma y mezclas de los dos, dadas las características particulares de estos combustibles en Colombia. La revisión fue presentada en el I Seminario Internacional de Biocombustibles, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, agosto 4 al 6 de 2004.
Bogota registers frequent episodes of poor air quality from high PM
concentrations. It is one of the main Latin American megacities, located at 2600 m in the tropical Andes, but there is insufficient ...data on PM
source contribution. A characterization of the chemical composition and the source apportionment of PM
at an urban background site in Bogota was carried out in this study. Daily samples were collected from June 2015 to May 2016 (a total of 311 samples). Organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water soluble compounds (SO
, Cl
, NO
, NH
), major elements (Al, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, K, P) and trace metals (V, Cd, Pb, Sr, Ba, among others) were analyzed. The results were interpreted in terms of their variability during the rainy season (RS) and the dry season (DS). The data obtained revealed that the carbonaceous fraction (∼51%) and mineral dust (23%) were the main PM
components, followed by others (15%), Secondary Inorganic Compounds (SIC) (11%) and sea salt (0.4%). The average concentrations of soil, SIC and OC were higher during RS than DS. However, peak values were observed during the DS due to photochemical activity and forest fires. Although trace metals represented <1% of PM
, high concentrations of toxic elements such as Pb and Sb on RS, and Cu on DS, were obtained. By using a PMF model, six factors were identified (∼96% PM
) including fugitive dust, road dust, metal processing, secondary PM, vehicles exhaust and industrial emissions. Traffic (exhaust emissions + road dust) was the major PM
source, accounting for ∼50% of the PM
. The results provided novel data about PM
chemical composition, its sources and its seasonal variability during the year, which can help the local government to define control strategies for the main emission sources during the most critical periods.
The health and economic benefits associated with the reduction of the annual average concentration of particulate matter PM10 to 50 μg/m(3) between 2010 and 2020 were estimated and disaggregated in ...Zonal Planning Units in Bogotá.
BenMap® was used for determining attributable cases and their economic valuation year per year, and the results were represented spatially for every borough and zonal planning unit of the city. The study used concentration-response functions to determine the mortality cases attributable to PM10 pollution and hospitalizations related with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.
21,000 deaths associated with long-term exposure could be prevented for people over 30 years old and 900 deaths associated with long-term exposure for children under one year old. For children under five years old, more than 12,000 preventable hospitalizations for respiratory diseases, about 3,800 emergency room visits, over 34,000 Acute Respiratory Diseases (ARD) cases and nearly 2,500 intensive care unit visits. For people over 5 years old, about 44000 hospitalizations for respiratory diseases, 350 hospitalizations for cardiovascular diseases (people over 65 years old), and nearly 155,000 emergency room visits would be prevented.
Economic benefits for 180 billion Colombian Pesos (95 million U.S. dollars) would be obtained and a benefit higher than 21 trillion Colombian pesos (11 billion U.S. dollars) in ten years, preventing attributable deaths.
Valle del Cauca concentrates an important fraction of the large national industry, as evidenced by its position as the first Department in industrial emissions of greenhouse gases in Colombia. To ...this must be added the fact that the geographic valley of the Cauca River (VRC) produces almost 80% of Colombia's sugar cane, and that pre-harvest burning is still used in 34% of the harvested area. This research is part of the CACIQUE project and measurement campaign (CAuca river valley sugarCane pre-harvest burning aIr QUality Effects), which seeks to quantify and attribute sources of pollution to the air quality measured in Palmira, center of the VRC. In this extended summary we report measurements of aerosols, in situ in the surface layer, and of the atmospheric column by solar photometry at the Palmira Headquarters of the National University of Colombia (3,512 N, 76,308 W). Instrumentation included a beta analyzer and high and low volume PM2.5 and PM10 samplers, a cascade impactor for particle size mass distribution, and a nephelometer. Solar photometry measurements show that the aerosol optical thickness (AOT) at 500 nm measured in Palmira (~ 0.22) is almost ~ 2 higher than in Bogotá (~ 0.14), and only marginally lower than that measured in the Carboniferous Zone of the Cesar (~ 0.28). Even more unexpected is the fact that this high AOT appears inconsistent with the comparatively low concentrations measured at the surface. Angstrom exponents, derived from photometric measurements, are in the range 0.2-2, which is indicative of a mixture of 1) predominantly fine particulate matter, which would include secondary aerosols (as revealed by our analysis of PM2.5), and soot from biomass burning, and 2) coarse material, including dust. In general, more than three quarters of the attenuation by aerosols in the atmospheric column is attributable to fine material. The mean volumetric particle size distributions in the atmospheric column were comparable to the mass distributions in the surface layer, with modal diameters of ~ 0.3 μm and ~ 6 μm in the column, and ~ 0.9 μm and ~ 5.2 μm in the column. surface layer.
Objectives Quantifying personal exposure to particles less than 10 micrometres in diameter (PM10) and determining the prevalence of respiratory symptoms in traffic-police officers working in Bogotá's ...metropolitan area. Methods This was a cross-sectional study of 574 traffic-police officers divided into two groups (477 traffic-police and 97 police working in an office). They were given a questionnaire inquiring about respiratory symptoms, toxicological medical evaluation, lung function tests and personal PM10 monitoring. The differences between groups were found using stratified analysis (i.e. comparing odds ratios). Multivariate analysis of factors related to symptoms and diagnosis of respiratory alteration was also performed. Results Respiratory symptoms concerned a higher prevalence of cough, expectoration and rhinosinusitis in the traffic-police group. Medical examination revealed that the traffic-police group had higher nasal irritation prevalence; lung function tests showed no difference. Mean PM10 levels were higher for the traffic-police group (139.4 μg/m³), compared to the office work group (86.03 μg/m³). Discussion PM10 values in both groups did not exceed allowable limits for respirable particles in the workplace according to ACGIH standards. Traffic-police exposed to air pollution had an increased risk of developing respiratory symptoms and signs, thereby agreeing with the results of this and other studies. Personal monitoring is a valuable tool when quantifying the concentration of PM10to which an individual has been exposed during a normal workday. This study contributes towards further research in to the effects of PM10 in populations at risk.
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