Russia is developing a national legal and regulatory framework for implementing the Paris Agreement. In Russian strategic documents, there is an inconsistency in measures and quantitative indicators ...to reduce emissions and increase absorption of greenhouse gases, and the main stake on forest and other ecosystems through the implementation of climate projects raises questions. The objective of this work is to determine the purpose and place of climate projects within the framework of the national low-carbon policy, as well as to analyze the possibilities and limitations of their implementation in Russia. The main criteria for climate projects are the principle of additionality, conservatism in determining the baseline, and minimization of risks (leakage, volatility, termination of project financing, reversions). Ecosystem projects are high-risk compared to projects in the industrial sectors of the economy, while the climate component of project activity arises only with long-term preservation of the result. The goal of climate projects in Russia should be to develop mitigation technologies based on sustainable management of natural ecosystems: the results should be characterized by multiple benefits in the field of ecosystem services of the territory, biodiversity and adaptation to climate change, which increases their attractiveness when implementing the policy of sustainable development of companies and the state. Given their additional nature, the projects will not be able to provide a significant quantitative contribution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, but may provide a tool to achieve these goals. At the initial stage of the formation of the Russian carbon market, only reliable and transparent projects should be allowed to be implemented (reforestation and afforestation with mixed species; improved forest management of managed forests; management of previously unmanaged forests; restoration of wetlands/grass ecosystems; conservation of soil carbon of agricultural lands; biochar application to soils). Projects such as the preservation of forests from logging and the creation of monoculture plantations require the development of a separate regulatory framework to prevent falsification and minimize the threat to local natural ecosystems.
Increased number of extreme weather events is one of the most serious hazards of climate change over the territory of Russia. However, there is a lack of comprehensive analysis of the number of ...extreme weather events that caused social and economic damage in the country and its regions. This paper analyzes changes in the total number of events with damage (meteorological for the period 1991-2019 and agrometeorological – for 2004-2019), disaggregated by their types and by regions. The Mann-Kendall test is applied to detect statistical significance (0.05 level of significance, normal distribution). The results show an increase in the number of meteorological extreme events with damage for 1990-2019 in Russia from 130 to 257 events per year on average for the 1990s and 2010s, respectively, while the proportion of events with damage in relation to the total number of extreme events decreased over this period. We found statistically significant trends only for a few types of extreme events: hot and cold temperature, strong wind, heavy rain and droughts (increase by 0.9, 9.4, 11.4, 25.9 and 13.3 events/10 years, respectively). Number of heavy rain precipitation events is the only unidirectional stable growth trend. Unusual increasing trend in cold extreme events with damage in Russia can be attributed to the greater damage to the economy and population from cold extremes than hot ones. The regional distribution of trends across the territory of the Russian Federation is heterogeneous. However, significant changes in the number of extreme events of strong winds, heavy rains and soil drought by regions are statistically positive and observed mostly in some southern and central regions of European part and the Western Siberia. The development of adaptation plans to the negative effects of climate change is a first priority for these regions. A system for monitoring economic and non-economic damage from extreme events must be developed in Russia.
On the issue of digital socialization Romanovskaya, Olga A.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. Sociology. Politology,
05/2023, Letnik:
23, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The article presents the reflection on the digital socialization. It is noted that the dynamics of actor socialization in the conditions of digitalization is due to information «challenges» that form ...a conscious desire to master social experience through online contexts, regardless the social actors` age. The multidimensionality of scientific research in the context of socially significant projects, such as, the Gutenberg Project, successfully implemented by Michael Hart; the project of the Columbia Center for Oral History (CCOH), containing an Archive of oral history, numbering more than 12,000 interviews and documentary artifacts; the project of the Russian Foundation «Oral History», which collects and makes available to society conversations on science, culture and everyday life of the twentieth century. The description of the most productive project, according to the author, «Why We Post» («Why We Post in Social Networks»), implemented by the team of anthropologists led by Daniel Miller (the researchers from London University College conducted field work in eight countries of the world for fifteen months and studied how social media works) is presented. The conclusion is substantiated that it is necessary to conduct field studies of the Network based on the intellectual tradition of studying both sociality and communication, which is an obvious basis for studying social networks and digital socialization, which forms identities through the use of the Internet.
A new Sc II model atom has been constructed using up-to-date atomic data. To test it, we have carried out nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE) calculations for three stars with reliably ...determined atmospheric parameters: the Sun, HD 61421 (Procyon), and HD 84937. Allowance for the departures from LTE leads to a decrease in the root-mean-square abundance error compared to the LTE case and agreement, within the limits of this error, of the abundances deduced from different Sc II lines. The solar non-LTE abundance
exceeds the meteoritic abundance recommended by Lodders (2021) by 0.08 dex. However, agreement within 0.02 dex with the meteoritic abundance has been obtained for Procyon. Based on high-resolution spectra, we have determined the LTE and non-LTE scandium abundances for 56 stars in a wide metallicity range,
. The dependence of Sc/Fe on Fe/H demonstrates a similarity with the behavior of the
-process elements: scandium is enhanced relative to iron (Sc/Fe
0.2) in stars with
, and Sc/Fe decreases with increasing Fe/H for a higher metallicity. The scandium abundance correlates with the titanium abundance. The results obtained are important for solving the problem of the origin of scandium.
The outputs of the Earth system models (ESM) provided by the sixth phase of the Coupled Models Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) reflect the current state of scientific knowledge on climate change and ...make it possible not only to draw conclusions about the adverse consequences of climate change but also to evaluate the certainty of such conclusions. This study is aimed to check if the CMIP6 model projections of mean annual air temperature (MAAT) allow us to make a robust conclusion about the possibility of adverse consequences of climate change in the northern part of Western Siberia. With this purpose in mind, we construct the weighted multi-model ensemble and find that it reproduces with 30% accuracy the observation-based MAAT anomalies over this region. Then, we use this weighted multi-model ensemble to predict MAAT changes and find that under the SSP5-8.5 scenario, MAAT will exceed 0 °C almost everywhere in the North of Western Siberia by the end of this century. Since permafrost occurs sporadically over the territories where MAAT is above − 2 °C, this result suggests that permafrost will not persist in Western Siberia under the SSP5-8.5 scenario.
ABSTRACT
The determination of fundamental parameters of stars is one of the main tasks of astrophysics. For magnetic chemically peculiar stars, this problem is complicated by the anomalous chemical ...composition of their atmospheres, which requires special analysis methods. We present the results of the effective temperature, surface gravity, abundance, and radius determinations for three CP stars HD 188041, HD 111133, and HD 204411. Our analysis is based on a self-consistent model fitting of high-resolution spectra and spectrophotometric observations over a wide wavelength range, taking into account the anomalous chemical composition of atmospheres and the inhomogeneous vertical distribution for three chemical elements: Ca, Cr, and Fe. For two stars, HD 188041 and HD 204411, we also performed interferometric observations that provided us with the direct estimates of stellar radii. Comparison of the radii determined from the analysis of spectroscopic/spectrophotometric observations with direct measurements of the radii by interferometry methods for seven CP stars shows that the radii agree within the limits of measurement errors, which proves indirect spectroscopic analysis capable of proving reliable determinations of the fundamental parameters of fainter Ap stars that are not possible to study with modern interferometric facilities.
Feeding 9–10 billion people by 2050 and preventing dangerous climate change are two of the greatest challenges facing humanity. Both challenges must be met while reducing the impact of land ...management on ecosystem services that deliver vital goods and services, and support human health and well‐being. Few studies to date have considered the interactions between these challenges. In this study we briefly outline the challenges, review the supply‐ and demand‐side climate mitigation potential available in the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use AFOLU sector and options for delivering food security. We briefly outline some of the synergies and trade‐offs afforded by mitigation practices, before presenting an assessment of the mitigation potential possible in the AFOLU sector under possible future scenarios in which demand‐side measures codeliver to aid food security. We conclude that while supply‐side mitigation measures, such as changes in land management, might either enhance or negatively impact food security, demand‐side mitigation measures, such as reduced waste or demand for livestock products, should benefit both food security and greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation. Demand‐side measures offer a greater potential (1.5–15.6 Gt CO2‐eq. yr−1) in meeting both challenges than do supply‐side measures (1.5–4.3 Gt CO2‐eq. yr−1 at carbon prices between 20 and 100 US$ tCO2‐eq. yr−1), but given the enormity of challenges, all options need to be considered. Supply‐side measures should be implemented immediately, focussing on those that allow the production of more agricultural product per unit of input. For demand‐side measures, given the difficulties in their implementation and lag in their effectiveness, policy should be introduced quickly, and should aim to codeliver to other policy agenda, such as improving environmental quality or improving dietary health. These problems facing humanity in the 21st Century are extremely challenging, and policy that addresses multiple objectives is required now more than ever.
ABSTRACT
We present chemical composition and fundamental parameters (the effective temperature, surface gravity, and radius) for four sharp-lined A-type stars γ Gem (HD 41705), o Peg (HD 214994), θ ...Vir (HD 114330), and ν Cap (HD 193432). Our analysis is based on a self-consistent model fitting of high-resolution spectra and spectrophotometric observations over a wide wavelength range. We refined the fundamental parameters of the stars with the sme (Spectroscopy Made Easy) package and verified their accuracy by comparing with the spectral energy distribution and hydrogen line profiles. We found Teff/log g = 9190 ± 130 K/3.56 ± 0.08, 9600 ± 50 K/3.81 ± 0.04, 9600 ± 140 K/3.61 ± 0.12, and 10200 ± 220 K/3.88 ± 0.08 for γ Gem, o Peg, θ Vir, and ν Cap, respectively. Our detailed abundance analysis employs a hybrid technique for spectrum synthesis based on classical model atmospheres calculated in local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) assumption together with the non-LTE (NLTE) line formation for 18 of 26 investigated species. Comparison of the abundance patterns observed in A stars of different types (normal A, Am, and Ap) with similar fundamental parameters reveals significant abundance diversity that cannot be explained by the current mechanisms of abundance peculiarity formation in stellar atmospheres. We found a rise of the heavy element (Zn, Sr, Y, Zr, and Ba) abundance excess up to +1 dex with Teff increasing from 7200 to 10 000 K, with a further decrease down to solar value at Teff = 13 000 K, indicating that stars with solar element abundances can be found among late B-type stars.
Decisions taken under the Paris Agreement of the UNFCCC do not clarify how the principle of equity is to be operationalized. Proper consideration of different national circumstances is of paramount ...importance when designing any multilateral agreements, such as the Paris Agreement . Here, a methodology is presented that implements the equity principle in sharing the global climate budget among countries on the basis of their national circumstances identified by socio-economic factors such as the population size, the per-capita gross domestic product and the current net GHG emission, and physical factors such as the population density and the average temperature. The historical responsibility for net GHG emission since 1990 is dealt with by the financial commitments made by developed countries. The impact of international trade on actual net GHG emission associated with consumption of goods is deemed compensated by the carbon rights underlying the production of such traded goods. Results obtained show that without a consideration of national circumstances, large emitters can claim a larger quota. Nevertheless, national circumstances change over time because of social and economic development as well as because technological improvements. Consequently, quotas have to be recalculated over time (e.g. at each global stocktake).
The article reviews methods for the computer analysis and detection of so-called ionospheric earthquake precursors. It is shown that the applied techniques lead to quantitatively incomparable results ...due to the differences in determination of a reference undisturbed variation and in quantitative criteria of considering disturbances anomalous. As the existing techniques do not take into account the known sample standard deviation (provided by NASA along with the global ionospheric maps of total electron content for the Earth’s ionosphere), the amplitude of revealed anomalies cannot be compared to the level of natural variability of the ionosphere. To eliminate this shortcoming, we propose a few metrics to determine numerical criteria that enable to classify as anomalous the total electron content disturbances observed before strong earthquakes.
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