•Comprehensive synthesis of risk and protective factors of (internet) gaming disorder.•Strongest risk factors: internet addiction, escape motive, internet time, depression.•Strongest protective ...factors: self-esteem, intelligence, life satisfaction, education.•No evidence for the role of age and social support.•Results provide empirical foundations for theoretical models and prevention strategies.
This large-scale meta-analysis aimed to provide the most comprehensive synthesis to date of the available evidence from the pre-COVID period on risk and protective factors for (internet) gaming disorder (as defined in the DSM-5 or ICD-11) across all studied populations. The risk/protective factors included demographic characteristics, psychological, psychopathological, social, and gaming-related factors. In total, we have included 1,586 effects from 253 different studies, summarizing data from 210,557 participants. Apart from estimating these predictive associations and relevant moderating effects, we implemented state-of-the-art adjustments for publication bias, psychometric artifacts, and other forms of bias arising from the publication process. Additionally, we carried out an in-depth assessment of the quality of underlying evidence by examining indications of selective reporting, statistical inconsistencies, the typical power of utilized study designs to detect theoretically relevant effects, and performed various sensitivity analyses. The available evidence suggests the existence of numerous moderately strong and highly heterogeneous risk factors (e.g., male gender, depression, impulsivity, anxiety, stress, gaming time, escape motivation, or excessive use of social networks) but only a few empirically robust protective factors (self-esteem, intelligence, life satisfaction, and education; all having markedly smaller effect sizes). We discuss the theoretical implications of our results for prominent theoretical models of gaming disorder and for the existing and future prevention strategies. The impact of various examined biasing factors on the available evidence seemed to be modest, yet we identified shortcomings in the measurement and reporting practices.
The article discusses the concept of validity and explores the reasons for the absence of a widespread consensus in its definition and perception. Applying a diachronic perspective, the most ...influential conceptions of validity are being confronted with an emphasis on both conceptual and epistemological issues. Based on that analysis, it is argued that differences between several conceptions of validity are not just a terminological quibble. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the meaning of even the simplest and mostly cited definition (a test is valid if it measures what it purports to measure) depends on some choices that are in fact arbitrary. These choices made further imply the epistemological procedures needed for the attribution of the "validity" label and whether validity should be considered a relational or a causal concept.
Psychické poruchy bývajú konceptualizované ako skrytá kauzálna príčina, ktorá sa prejavuje symptómami. Táto predstava je založená na reflektívnom latentnom modeli, ktorý sa implicitne uplatňuje vždy, ...keď je komplexná symptomatológia sumarizovaná vo forme čísla alebo kategorického stavu. V článku sú analyzované kvantitatívne, testovateľné implikácie tohto psychometrického modelu a na tomto základe je demonštrovaná jeho nevhodnosť pre konceptu alizáciu väčšiny psychických porúch. Pozorované dáta naopak implikujú, že psychické poruchy sú komplexné dynamické systémy. Symptómy totiž nie sú ekvivalentným meraním jednej a tej istej latentnej premennej, ale fungujú ako nezávislé, vzájomne interagujúce kauzálne entity. Táto zmena nazerania na ontológiu psychopatológie viedla k adaptácii tzv. sieťovej teórie na kontext psychologických vied. V rámci tejto teórie je psychická porucha relatívne stabilným emergentným stavom, ktorý vzniká výraznými, opakujúcimi sa interakciami kauzálne prepojených symptómov. Článok adresuje otázku, ako môžu modely vychádzajúce zo sieťovej teórie pomôcť pochopiť etiopatogenézu psychických porúch a adresovať klinickú intervenciu. V závere sú načrtnuté limity a výzvy pre budúcnosť sieťovej teórie v psychológii.
To what extent are research results influenced by subjective decisions that scientists make as they design studies? Fifteen research teams independently designed studies to answer five original ...research questions related to moral judgments, negotiations, and implicit cognition. Participants from 2 separate large samples (total N > 15,000) were then randomly assigned to complete 1 version of each study. Effect sizes varied dramatically across different sets of materials designed to test the same hypothesis: Materials from different teams rendered statistically significant effects in opposite directions for 4 of 5 hypotheses, with the narrowest range in estimates being d = −0.37 to + 0.26. Meta-analysis and a Bayesian perspective on the results revealed overall support for 2 hypotheses and a lack of support for 3 hypotheses. Overall, practically none of the variability in effect sizes was attributable to the skill of the research team in designing materials, whereas considerable variability was attributable to the hypothesis being tested. In a forecasting survey, predictions of other scientists were significantly correlated with study results, both across and within hypotheses. Crowdsourced testing of research hypotheses helps reveal the true consistency of empirical support for a scientific claim.
Public Significance Statement
Research in the social sciences often has implications for public policies as well as individual decisions-for good reason, the robustness of research findings is therefore of widespread interest both inside and outside academia. Yet, even findings that directly replicate-emerging again when the same methodology is repeated-may not always prove conceptually robust to different methodological approaches. The present initiative suggests that crowdsourcing study designs using many research teams can help reveal the conceptual robustness of the effects, better informing the public about the state of the empirical evidence.
Currently, mental disorders are usually conceptualized as a hidden causal factor, manifested by its symptoms. This notion rests upon the reflective latent model, which is implicitly at work every ...time complex symptomatology gets summarized by a single number or a categorical state. The present paper reflects on the quantitative, testable implications of this psychometric model and shows how its restraints are untenable for most mental disorders. The observed data are instead consistent with mental disorders being complex dynamic systems. Instead of being treated as interchangeable measures of the same latent factor, symptoms likely act as independent causal entities, directly affecting each other. In recent years, this shift in ontological stance toward psychopathology has laid a basis for adapting the network theory. Under this theory, a mental disorder is a relatively stable emergent state, which arises due to a pronounced and recurrent interaction of causally linked symptoms. It is discussed how models embedded within the network theory can help provide insight into the etiopathogenesis of mental disorders and address clinical intervention. In conclusion, limits and future challenges to the network theory are discussed.
Recent in vitro studies have shown that vitamin C (Vit C) with pro-oxidative properties causes cytotoxicity of breast cancer cells by selective oxidative stress. However, the effect of Vit C in ...itself at different concentration levels on MCF-7 breast cancer cell line after 24 h, has not yet been described. We aimed to examine the effect of Vit C on the viability and signalling response of MCF-7/WT (MCF-7 wild-type) cells that were exposed to various concentrations (0.125–4 mM) of Vit C during 24 h. The cytotoxic effect of Vit C on MCF-7/VitC (MCF-7/WT after added 2 mM Vit C) was observed, resulting in a decrease of cell index after 12 h. Also, the cytotoxicity of Vit C (2 mM) after 24 h was confirmed by flow cytometry, i.e., increase of dead, late apoptotic, and depolarized dead MCF-7/VitC cells compared to MCF-7/WT cells. Moreover, changes in proteomic profile of MCF-7/VitC cells compared to the control group were investigated via label-free quantitative mass spectrometry and post-translational modification. Using bioinformatics assessment (i.e., iPathwayGuide and SPIA R packages), a significantly impacted pathway in MCF-7/VitC was identified, namely the protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum. The semi-quantitative change (log
2
fold change = 4.5) and autophosphorylation at Thr-446 of protein kinase (PKR) (involved in this pathway) indicates that PKR protein could be responsible for the unfolded protein response and inhibition of the cell translation during endoplasmic reticulum stress, and eventually, for cell apoptosis. These results suggest that increased activity of PKR (Thr-446 autophosphorylation) related to cytotoxic effect of Vit C (2 mM) may cause the MCF-7 cells death.
Creative destruction in science Tierney, Warren; Hardy, Jay H.; Ebersole, Charles R. ...
Organizational behavior and human decision processes,
11/2020, Letnik:
161
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
•The creative destruction approach combines theory pruning and open science methods.•New measures, conditions, and populations are included in replication designs.•The goal is to make replication ...more generative and engage in theory building.•Recent studies examined work morality, biased reasoning, and gender discrimination.
Drawing on the concept of a gale of creative destruction in a capitalistic economy, we argue that initiatives to assess the robustness of findings in the organizational literature should aim to simultaneously test competing ideas operating in the same theoretical space. In other words, replication efforts should seek not just to support or question the original findings, but also to replace them with revised, stronger theories with greater explanatory power. Achieving this will typically require adding new measures, conditions, and subject populations to research designs, in order to carry out conceptual tests of multiple theories in addition to directly replicating the original findings. To illustrate the value of the creative destruction approach for theory pruning in organizational scholarship, we describe recent replication initiatives re-examining culture and work morality, working parents’ reasoning about day care options, and gender discrimination in hiring decisions.
It is becoming increasingly clear that many, if not most, published research findings across scientific fields are not readily replicable when the same method is repeated. Although extremely valuable, failed replications risk leaving a theoretical void— reducing confidence the original theoretical prediction is true, but not replacing it with positive evidence in favor of an alternative theory. We introduce the creative destruction approach to replication, which combines theory pruning methods from the field of management with emerging best practices from the open science movement, with the aim of making replications as generative as possible. In effect, we advocate for a Replication 2.0 movement in which the goal shifts from checking on the reliability of past findings to actively engaging in competitive theory testing and theory building.
The materials, code, and data for this article are posted publicly on the Open Science Framework, with links provided in the article.
Ideal partner preferences (i.e., ratings of the desirability of attributes like attractiveness or intelligence) are the source of numerous foundational findings in the interdisciplinary literature on ...human mating. Recently, research on the predictive validity of ideal partner preference-matching (i.e., do people positively evaluate partners who match versus mismatch their ideals?) has become mired in several problems. First, articles exhibit discrepant analytic and reporting practices. Second, different findings emerge across laboratories worldwide, perhaps because they sample different relationship contexts and/or populations. This registered report—partnered with the Psychological Science Accelerator—uses a highly powered design (N=10,358) across 43 countries and 22 languages to estimate preference-matching effect sizes. The most rigorous tests revealed significant preference-matching effects in the whole sample and for partnered and single participants separately. The “corrected pattern metric” that collapses across 35 traits revealed a zero-order effect of β=.19 and an effect of β=.11 when included alongside a normative preference-matching metric. Specific traits in the “level metric” (interaction) tests revealed very small (average β=.04) effects. Effect sizes were similar for partnered participants who reported ideals before entering a relationship, and there was no consistent evidence that individual differences moderated any effects. Comparisons between stated and revealed preferences shed light on gender differences and similarities: For attractiveness, men’s and (especially) women’s stated preferences underestimated revealed preferences (i.e., they thought attractiveness was less important than it actually was). For earning potential, men’s stated preferences underestimated—and women’s stated preferences overestimated—revealed preferences. Implications for the literature on human mating are discussed.
Dijksterhuis and van Knippenberg (1998) reported that participants primed with a category associated with intelligence (“professor”) subsequently performed 13% better on a trivia test than ...participants primed with a category associated with a lack of intelligence (“soccer hooligans”). In two unpublished replications of this study designed to verify the appropriate testing procedures, Dijksterhuis, van Knippenberg, and Holland observed a smaller difference between conditions (2%–3%) as well as a gender difference: Men showed the effect (9.3% and 7.6%), but women did not (0.3% and −0.3%). The procedure used in those replications served as the basis for this multilab Registered Replication Report. A total of 40 laboratories collected data for this project, and 23 of these laboratories met all inclusion criteria. Here we report the meta-analytic results for those 23 direct replications (total N = 4,493), which tested whether performance on a 30-item general-knowledge trivia task differed between these two priming conditions (results of supplementary analyses of the data from all 40 labs, N = 6,454, are also reported). We observed no overall difference in trivia performance between participants primed with the “professor” category and those primed with the “hooligan” category (0.14%) and no moderation by gender.
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