Introduction
Obesity is a risk factor for chronic diseases and premature mortality, but the extent of these associations among the elderly is under debate. The aim of this systematic literature ...review (SR) is to collate and critically assess the available information of the impact of obesity on mortality in the elderly.
Methods
In PubMed, there are three-hundred twelve papers on the relationship between obesity and mortality among older adults. These papers were analysed on the basis of their abstracts, and sixteen studies were considered suitable for the purpose of the study. It was possible to perform a pooled estimate for aggregated data in three different studies.
Conclusion
The results of this SR document that an increased mortality in obese older adults. The limitation of BMI to index obesity and the noted protective action of a moderate increase in BMI on mortality are highlighted. Waist circumference is an indicator of central adiposity and potentially as good a risk factor for mortality as BMI in obese elderly adults.
Abstract Background and aims In Italy, the prevalence of hypertension, obesity and overweight in paediatric patients has increased in the past years. The purpose of this study was to analyse the ...relationship between obesity and hypertension and related factors in Italian students. Methods and results We studied 2007 healthy individuals between the ages of 6 and 17 years of age (998 males and 1009 females) attending schools in the cities of Varese (northern Italy), Rome (central Italy) and Catanzaro (southern Italy). The blood pressure, weight and height of the students were measured. We also assessed their daily intake of foods and the amount of physical activity they performed. A questionnaire was administered to the parents of the subjects to obtain information on the child's medical history and family lifestyle. Of the students, 27.2% were overweight, and 6.6% were obese, with the highest percentages in southern Italy. A total of 6.2% of students had hypertension, and the region with the highest percentage was found to be northern Italy. Obese students had a risk of developing hypertension that was four times greater than those subjects who were of normal weight. Conclusion Overweight and obese children/adolescents were more frequently found in southern Italy as opposed to northern and central Italy, and hypertensive children were more prevalent in the north. An unhealthy diet might explain the more widely spread obesity among children living in the south; an excess use of salt could explain the greater rate of hypertension found among children/adolescents living in the north.
STUDY OBJECTIVE To provide an international perspective on the impact of congenital anomalies on infant mortality from 1950 to 1994. DESIGN Population-based study based on data obtained from vital ...statistics reported to the World Health Organisation. SETTINGS 36 countries from Europe, the Middle East, the Americas, Asia, and the South Pacific. RESULTS On average, infant mortality declined 68.8 per cent from 1950 to 1994. In the countries studied, infant mortality attributable to congenital anomalies decreased by 33.4 per cent, although it recently increased in some countries in Central and Latin America and in Eastern Europe. Anomalies of the heart and of the central nervous system accounted for 48.9 per cent of infant deaths attributable to congenital anomalies. During 1990–1994, infant mortality attributable to congenital anomalies was inversely correlated to the per capita gross domestic product in the countries studied. At the same time, the proportion of infant deaths attributable to congenital malformations was directly correlated with the per capita gross domestic product. CONCLUSIONS Congenital malformations account for an increasing proportion of infant deaths in both developed and developing countries. Infant mortality attributable to congenital anomalies is higher in poorer countries although as a proportion of infant deaths it is greater in wealthier countries. Conditions such as spina bifida, whose occurrence can be reduced through preventive strategies, still cause many infant deaths. The apparent increase of infant mortality because of congenital anomalies in some countries should be investigated to confirm the finding, find the causes, and provide prevention opportunities.
First trimester exposure to corticosteroids and oral clefts Pradat, Pierre; Robert-Gnansia, Elisabeth; Di Tanna, Gian Luca ...
Birth defects research. A Clinical and molecular teratology,
December 2003, Letnik:
67, Številka:
12
Journal Article
One univocal definition for nutritional status (NS) does not exist. One set of generally accepted standards for assessing the nutritional status does not exist, either. The NS assessment is ...absolutely necessary because it drives to identify malnutrition which is a potential cause and or an aggravation of morbidity and mortality. Since malnutrition shows a high prevalence in the elderly, literature about the validation of tools exploring single or complex NS parameters in the elderly has been systematically review. 115 papers, published from January 1st 1990 to July 31st 2003, have been identified: among them, just 9 complied with the established quality criteria and were suitable to be systematically reviewed. Parameters and diagnosis protocols to assess NS used in the selected papers were not homogeneous. Two implications arise from this evidence: - as regards clinical practice: an assessment on NS in clinical practice is complex, but not impossible. Hopefully, despite the absence of a sure reference, nutritionists, during their own clinical practice, ought to choose a validated on their own population and complete tool (considering as NS indicators both dietetic, anthropometric and functional parameters) for NS assessment, among all the redundant set of tools proposed until now; - respecting a scientific point of view, there is the necessity for calling a consensus conference in order to establish an initial consensus to diagnose malnutrition in the elderly and to promote, therefore, a validation study.
Purpose: The study goal was to assess teratogenic effects of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) through the use of a surveillance system (MADRE) of infants with malformations.
Methods: Information on all ...malformed infants (1990–1996) with maternal first‐trimester drug exposure was collected by the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects and Monitoring Systems (ICBDMS). Cases were defined as infants presenting with a specific malformation, and controls were defined as infants presenting with any other birth defect. Exposure was defined by the use of AEDs during the first trimester of pregnancy. The association of AEDs with malformations was then estimated by calculating the odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals and testing their homogeneity among registries.
Results: Among 8005 cases of malformations, 299 infants were exposed in utero to AEDs. Of those exposed to monotherapy, 65 were exposed to phenobarbital, 10 to methylphenobarbital, 80 to valproic acid, 46 to carbamazepine, 24 to phenytoin, and 16 to other AEDs. Associations were found for spina bifida with valproic acid. Infants exposed to phenobarbital and to methylphenobarbital showed an increased risk of oral clefts. Cardiac malformations were found to be associated with phenobarbital, methylphenobarbital, valproic acid, and carbamazepine. Hypospadias was associated with valproic acid. Porencephaly and other specified anomalies of brain, anomalies of face, coarctation of aorta, and limb reduction defects were found to be associated with valproic acid.
Conclusions: Using the MADRE system, we confirmed known teratogenic effects of AEDs. We also found increased risks for malformations that had never been reported associated with AEDs or for which the association was suggested by case reports.
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