Police Street Powers and Criminal Justice analyses the utilisation, regulation and legitimacy of police powers. Drawing upon six-years of ethnographic research in two police forces in England, this ...book uncovers the importance of time and place, supervision and monitoring, local policies and law. Covering a period when the police were under intense scrutiny and subject to austerity measures, the authors contend that the concept of police culture does not help us understand police discretion. They argue that change is a dominant feature of policing and identify fragmented responses to law and policy reform, varying between police stations, across different policing roles, and between senior and frontline ranks.
Abuse directed at visible and audible women demonstrates that cyberspace, once heralded as a new, democratic, public sphere, suffers similar gender inequalities as the offline world. This paper ...reports findings from a national UK study about experiences of online abuse among women who debate feminist politics. It argues that online abuse is most usefully conceived as a form of abuse or violence against women and girls, rather than as a form of communication. It examines the experiences of those receiving online abuse, thereby making a valuable contribution to existing research which tends to focus on analysis of the communications themselves.
Napoleon's contribution to Germany's development was immense. Under his hegemony, the millennium-old Holy Roman Empire dissolved, paving the way for a new order. Nowhere was the transformation more ...profound than in the Rhineland. Based upon an extensive range of German and French archival sources, this book locates the Napoleonic episode in this region within a broader chronological framework, encompassing the Old Regime and Restoration. It analyses not only politics, but also culture, identity, religion, society, institutions and economics. It reassesses in turn the legacy bequeathed by the Old Regime, the struggle between Revolution and Counter-Revolution in the 1790s, Napoleon's attempts to integrate the German-speaking Rhineland into the French Empire, the transition to Prussian rule, and the subsequent struggles that ultimately helped determine whether Germany would follow its own Sonderweg or the path of its western neighbours.
The technology at the heart of the most innovative progress in health care artificial intelligence (AI) is in a subdomain called machine learning (ML), which describes the use of software algorithms ...to identify patterns in very large datasets. ML has driven much of the progress of health care AI over the past 5 years, demonstrating impressive results in clinical decision support, patient monitoring and coaching, surgical assistance, patient care, and systems management. Clinicians in the near future will find themselves working with information networks on a scale well beyond the capacity of human beings to grasp, thereby necessitating the use of intelligent machines to analyze and interpret the complex interactions between data, patients, and clinical decision makers. However, as this technology becomes more powerful, it also becomes less transparent, and algorithmic decisions are therefore progressively more opaque. This is problematic because computers will increasingly be asked for answers to clinical questions that have no single right answer and that are open-ended, subjective, and value laden. As ML continues to make important contributions in a variety of clinical domains, clinicians will need to have a deeper understanding of the design, implementation, and evaluation of ML to ensure that current health care is not overly influenced by the agenda of technology entrepreneurs and venture capitalists. The aim of this article is to provide a nontechnical introduction to the concept of ML in the context of health care, the challenges that arise, and the resulting implications for clinicians.
Southeast China is a traditional stronghold of Buddhism, but
little scholarly attention has been paid to this fact. Brian
Nichols's pioneering book, Lotus Blossoms and Purple Clouds,
centers on a ...large Buddhist monastery in Quanzhou and combines
ethnographic detail with stimulating analysis to examine religion
in post-Mao China. Nichols conducted more than twenty-six months of
field research over a fourteen-year period (2005-2019) to develop a
re-description of Chinese monastic Buddhism that reaches beyond
canonical sources and master narratives to local texts, material
culture, oral history, and living traditions. His work decenters
normative accounts and sheds light on how Buddhism is lived and
practiced. It introduces readers to Quanzhou Kaiyuan Monastery and
its community of clergy striving to revive traditions after the
turmoil of the Maoist era; the lay Buddhists worshiping in the
monastery's courtyards and halls; the busloads of tourists
marveling at the site's buildings and artifacts, some dating as far
back as the Tang Dynasty (ninth century); and the local officials
dedicated to supporting-and restricting-the return of religion.
Using gazetteers, epigraphy, and other archival sources, Nichols
begins by tracing the history of Quanzhou Kaiyuan Monastery from
the Tang Dynasty to the present, noting the continued relevance of
preternatural events like the lotus-blooming mulberry trees and
auspicious purple clouds associated with the founding of the
monastery. The contemporary monastery is then explored through
ethnographic participation/observation and interviews. Nichols
uncovers a number of unexpected features of Buddhist religious
life, making a case for the fundamentally liturgical nature of
Buddhist monastic practice-one marked by a program of daily dharaṇi
(sacred text) recitation, esoteric traditions, and ancestor
veneration. Finally, he presents an innovative spatial analysis of
the Quanzhou Kaiyuan Monastery temple that reveals how different
groups engage with the site to create a place of religious
practice, a tourist attraction, and a community park.
•Hydrothermal alteration changes the mineralogy, fluid pathways, and crystallinity of lavas from Mt. Taranaki.•The stiffness of the rock does not always reduce due to alteration.•The type of ...secondary mineral assemblage can be an important controlling factor in determining rock strength and dome stability.
Hydrothermal alteration is generally associated with the weakening of volcanic rocks. Here we evaluate the possible role of hydrothermal alteration in lava dome collapses at Mt. Taranaki by evaluating the petrophysical (mineralogy, fluid pathways, crystallinity) and elastic properties (stiffness) of variably altered lavas from its summit dome area and block and ash flow deposits. Our results show that acid-sulfate alteration changes the mineralogy of the lavas by dissolving primary feldspars, pyroxenes, amphiboles, Fe-Ti oxides, and volcanic glass and precipitating secondary alunite and silica. These changes alter the fluid pathways and crystallinity of the lavas. However, despite these alteration-related petrophysical changes, we find that altered lavas are stiffer, and inferentially stronger, than fresh lavas of similar porosity. We attribute this at least partially to the precipitation of relatively strong secondary minerals like alunite and silica instead of weaker minerals like clays. We discuss the implications of these findings for dome stability at Mt. Taranaki. We suggest that the role of hydrothermal alteration in weakening volcanic rocks is not merely dependent on the alteration intensity but also on the type of alteration. Altered lavas, without extensive dissolution and with precipitation of strong secondary minerals, are unlikely to weaken the dome.
The transport and degassing pathways of volatiles through large silicic magmatic systems are central to understanding geothermal fluid compositions, ore deposit genesis, and volcanic eruption ...dynamics and impacts. Here, we document sulfur (S), chlorine (Cl), and fluorine (F) concentrations in a range of host materials in eruptive deposits from Taupō volcano (New Zealand). Materials analysed are groundmass glass, silicic melt inclusions, and microphenocrystic apatite that equilibrated in shallow melt-dominant magma bodies; silicic melt and apatite inclusions within crystal cores inferred to be sourced from deeper crystal mush; and olivine-hosted basaltic melt inclusions from mafic enclaves that represent the most primitive feedstock magmas. Sulfur and halogen concentrations each follow distinct concentration pathways during magma differentiation in response to changing pressures, temperatures, oxygen fugacities, crystallising mineral phases, the effects of volatile saturation, and the presence of an aqueous fluid phase. Sulfur contents in the basaltic melt inclusions (~ 2000 ppm) are typical for arc-type magmas, but drop to near detection limits by dacitic compositions, reflecting pyrrhotite crystallisation at ~ 60 wt. % SiO
2
during the onset of magnetite crystallisation. In contrast, Cl increases from ~ 500 ppm in basalts to ~ 2500 ppm in dacitic compositions, due to incompatibility in the crystallising phases. Fluorine contents are similar between mafic and silicic compositions (< 1200 ppm) and are primarily controlled by the onset of apatite and/or amphibole crystallisation and then destabilisation. Sulfur and Cl partition strongly into an aqueous fluid and/or vapour phase in the shallow silicic system. Sulfur contents in the rhyolite melts are low, yet the Oruanui supereruption is associated with a major sulfate peak in ice core records in Antarctica and Greenland, implying that excess S was derived from a pre-eruptive gas phase, mafic magma recharge, and/or disintegration of a hydrothermal system. We estimate that the 25.5 ka Oruanui eruption ejected > 130 Tg of S (390 Tg sulfate) and up to ~ 1800 Tg of Cl, with potentially global impacts on climate and stratospheric ozone.
Abstract
The Jemez Mountains volcanic field (JMVF) is the site of the two voluminous, caldera-forming members of the Bandelier Tuff, erupted at 1·60 and 1·25 Ma, following a long and continuous ...pre-caldera volcanic history (∼10 Myr) in this region. Previous investigations utilizing whole-rock geochemistry identified complex magmatic processes in the two major pulses of pre-caldera magmatism including assimilation–fractional crystallization (AFC) and magma mixing. Here we extend the petrological investigation of the pre-caldera volcanic rocks into the micro-realm and use mineral chemistry and textural information to refine magma evolution models. The results show an increasing diversity of mineral populations as the volcanic field evolved. A range of plagioclase textures (e.g. sieved cores and rims) indicate disequilibrium conditions in almost all pre-caldera magmas ranging from andesite to rhyolite, reflecting plagioclase dissolution and regrowth. Coarsely sieved or dissolved plagioclase cores are explained by resorption via water-undersaturated decompression during upward migration from a deep melting, assimilation, storage and homogenization (MASH) zone. Plagioclase crystals with sieved rims are almost ubiquitous in dacite-dominated magmatism (La Grulla Plateau andesite and dacite erupted at ∼8–7 Ma, as well as Tschicoma Formation andesite, dacite and rhyolite at ∼5–2 Ma), reflecting heating induced by magma mixing. These plagioclase crystals often have An-poor cores that are chemically distinct from their An-rich rims. The existence of different plagioclase populations is consistent with two distinct amphibole groups that co-crystallized with plagioclase: a low-Al, low-temperature, high-fO2 group, and a high-Al, high-temperature, low-fO2 group. Calculation of melt Sr, Ba, La, and Ce concentrations from plagioclase core and rim compositions suggests that these chemical variations are largely produced by magma mixing. Multiple mafic endmembers were identified that may be connected by AFC processes in the MASH zone in the middle to lower crust. The silicic component in an early andesite-dominated magmatic system (Paliza Canyon andesite, dacite and rhyolite, 10–7 Ma) is represented by contemporaneous early rhyolite (Canovas Canyon Rhyolite). A silicic mush zone in the shallow crust is inferred as both the silicic endmember involved in the dacite-dominant magmatic systems and source of the late low-temperature rhyolite (Bearhead Rhyolite, 7–6 Ma). Recharging of the silicic mush by mafic melts can explain observed diversity in both mineral disequilibrium textures and compositions in the dacitic magmas. Overall, the pre-caldera JMVF magmatic system evolved towards cooler and more oxidized conditions with time, indicating gradual thermal maturation of local crust, building up to a transcrustal magmatic system, which culminated in ‘super-scale’ silicic volcanism. Such conditioning of crust with heat and mass by early magmatism might be common in other long-lived volcanic fields.
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