Fermented food has been present throughout history, since fermentation not only helps preserving food, but also provides specific organoleptic characteristics typically associated to these foods. ...Most of the traditional fermented foods and artisanal beverages are produced by spontaneous generation, meaning no control of the microbiota, or the substrate used. Nevertheless, even not being standardized, they are an important source of bioactive compounds, such as antioxidant compounds, bioactive beeps, short chain fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. This review compiles a list of relevant traditional fermented beverages around the world, aiming to detail the fermentation process itself-including source of microorganisms, substrates, produced metabolites and the operational conditions involved. As well as to list the bioactive compounds present in each fermented food, together with their impact in the human health. Traditional fermented beverages from Mexico will be highlighted. These compounds are of high interest for the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry. To scale-up the home fermentation processes, it is necessary to fully understand the microbiology and biochemistry behind these traditional products. The use of good quality raw materials with standardized methodologies and defined microorganisms, may improve and increase the production of the desirable bioactive compounds and open a market for novel functional products.
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•Avocado peels are an agroindustrial residue largely produced without a useful valorization.•MAE is an effective technology to obtain extracts with high antioxidant ...potential.•Statistical designs allowed to optimize the MAE conditions to bioactive compounds.•Procyanidins, phenolic acids and catechin are the main compounds identified.
The avocado processing industry generates large amounts of avocado peels, which contain large amounts of high value-added compounds with antioxidant capabilities that have not yet been explored. Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of bioactive compounds from avocado peels with high antioxidant capacity was the objective of present work. Two experimental designs were implemented, using acetone 70% and ethanol at different concentrations, finding at 74.48 °C by 14.32 min and 66.37 °C by 0.97 min with 42.58% of ethanol as optimal conditions to obtain the highest antioxidant capacity, respectively. Optimized extracts with acetone and ethanol showed a high polyphenolic content (379.28 ± 19.35 and 354.43 ± 16.85 mg GAE/g dry extract, respectively); high antioxidant activity measured by DPPH (268.04 ± 25.11 and 233.85 ± 13.58 mgET/g dry extract, respectively); ABTS (895.19 ± 30.41 and 949.41 ± 7.42 mgET/g dry extract, respectively); ORAC (648.88 ± 28.66 and 692.06 ± 28.80 mgET/g dry extract, respectively), results reported for the first time. Fiber bonded phenolics compounds was extracted of MAE residues show a significant antioxidant activity. HPLC-MS analysis of optimized extracts showed the present of diverse phenolic acids, numerous procyanidins dimer A and B in different isomer shapes, catechin, epicatechin and perseitol.
El texto analiza un corpus de tesis jurisprudenciales generadas por los Tribunales de Amparo mexicanos, en los que se advierten distintas funciones en el uso del concepto “máximas de la experiencia”, ...para lo cual utiliza dos criterios de clasificación: 1) como concepto autónomo: para valoración probatoria, para colmar lagunas normativas, inferir conclusiones fácticas, generar un parámetro objetivo de verdad, sustentar una decisión razonable, y 2) en la correlación con otros conceptos de valoración probatoria del tipo: método científico, reglas de la lógica, pensar reflexivo, sana crítica, prueba libre, sentido común. De ello se concluye que la jurisprudencia mexicana trata a las “máximas de la experiencia” como un tópico de lugar común, tanto desde el punto de vista lingüístico como epistemológico.
La ciudad de Celaya, ubicada en el Estado de Guanjuato, México, hoy en día uno de los asentamientos urbanos más violentos del país. El estudio criminográfico del periodo 2015-2021 da cuenta de las ...causas que detonaron esta problemática que afecta a sus habitantes y encuentra cauce en la confrontación entre el Cártel Santa Rosa de Lima versus el Cártel Jalisco Nueva Generación. Aspectos estructurales como la desigualdad que promueven estragos como la pobreza y la vida delictiva han estado presentes en dicha ciudad, así como tantas otras del país y de América Latina en general. Para ello fueron necesarias las perspectivas cuali-cuanti con abordajes multi-discipinarios y así abismar en el análisis de tema tan complejo.
A new coronavirus known as SARS‐CoV‐2 emerged in Wuhan in 2019 and spread rapidly to the rest of the world causing the pandemic disease named coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID‐19). Little ...information is known about the impact this virus can cause upon domestic and stray animals. The potential impact of SARS‐CoV‐2 has become of great interest in cats due to transmission among domestic cats and the severe phenotypes described recently in a domestic cat. In this context, there is a public health warning that needs to be investigated in relation with the epidemiological role of this virus in stray cats. Consequently, in order to know the impact of the possible transmission chain, blood samples were obtained from 114 stray cats in the city of Zaragoza (Spain) and tested for SARS‐CoV‐2 and other selected pathogens susceptible to immunosuppression including Toxoplasma gondii, Leishmania infantum, feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) from January to October 2020. Four cats (3.51%), based on enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the receptor binding domain (RBD) of Spike antigen, were seroreactive to SARS‐CoV‐2. T. gondii, L. infantum, FeLV and FIV seroprevalence was 12.28%, 16.67%, 4.39% and 19.30%, respectively. Among seropositive cats to SARS‐CoV‐2, three cats were also seropositive to other pathogens including antibodies detected against T. gondii and FIV (n = 1); T. gondii (n = 1); and FIV and L. infantum (n = 1). The subjects giving positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 were captured in urban areas of the city in different months: January 2020 (2/4), February 2020 (1/4) and July 2020 (1/4). This study revealed, for the first time, the exposure of stray cats to SARS‐CoV‐2 in Spain and the existence of concomitant infections with other pathogens including T. gondii, L. infantum and FIV, suggesting that immunosuppressed animals might be especially susceptible to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.
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•Microwave heating pretreatment for lignocellulosic material.•Fundament of lignocellulosic material fractionation using microwave irradiation.•Energy consumption in microwave ...pretreatments and microwave reactors description.•Microwave heating as pretreatment in a biorefinery concept.
The development of a feasible biorefinery is in need of alternative technologies to improve lignocellulosic biomass conversion by the suitable use of energy. Microwave heating processing (MHP) is emerging as promising unconventional pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials (LCMs). MHP applied as pretreatment induces LCMs breakdown through the molecular collision caused by the dielectric polarization. Polar particles movement generates a quick heating consequently the temperatures and times of process are lower. In this way, MHP has positioned as green technology in comparison with other types of heating. Microwave technology represents an excellent option to obtain susceptible substrates to enzymatic saccharification and subsequently in the production of bioethanol and high-added compounds. However, it is still necessary to study the dielectric properties of materials, and conduct economic studies to achieve development in pilot and industrial scale. This work aims to provide an overview of recent progress and alternative configurations for combining the application of microwave technology on the pretreatment of LCMs in terms of biorefinery.
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•Engineering aspects of hydrothermal pretreatment are presented.•Hydrothermal pretreatment stage plays an important role in the biorefinery concept.•Hydrothermal pretreatment and ...their effect on biomass structure.•Operation mode in batch and continuous of hydrothermal pretreatment are discuses.
Different pretreatments strategies have been developed over the years mainly to enhance enzymatic cellulose degradation. In the new biorefinery era, a more holistic view on pretreatment is required to secure optimal use of the whole biomass. Hydrothermal pretreatment technology is regarded as very promising for lignocellulose biomass fractionation biorefinery and to be implemented at the industrial scale for biorefineries of second generation and circular bioeconomy, since it does not require no chemical inputs other than liquid water or steam and heat. This review focuses on the fundamentals of hydrothermal pretreatment, structure changes of biomass during this pretreatment, multiproduct strategies in terms of biorefinery, reactor technology and engineering aspects from batch to continuous operation. The treatise includes a case study of hydrothermal biomass pretreatment at pilot plant scale and integrated process design.
Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) is a tropical and subtropical fruit that is native to Mexico and Central America; avocado is gaining increasing worldwide acceptance and has received extensive ...marketing and a wide distribution due to its relevant nutritional benefits for human health. Mexico harvests more than 30% of avocados worldwide, representing the main producer and exporter of avocado, which has become a crop of high interest and has great economic impact on Mexico.
In this paper, we describe relevant information on the production, composition and application of avocado, with an emphasis on its by-products, focusing on the proper use of waste and the possibility of monetizing waste for nutritional and environmental purposes. The entire avocado is rich in biocompounds (pulp, seed and peel) and has many health benefits, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer activities, as well as dermatological uses and others. In this paper, we demonstrate the current panorama of production, exportation and uses of avocado in Mexico.
Several food grade ingredients can be obtained from avocado wastes, particularly premium-grade fats or extracts with a high functional power. Studies should continue to identify the profiles and phytochemicals available to the business sector, which can also be implemented to valorize the nutritional and functional potential of avocado seeds and peels.
•Avocado has worldwide acceptance, extensive marketing and relevant nutritional benefits.•Avocado by-products are viable sources of bioactive compounds with high functional power.•Avocado by-products are source of premium-grade fats or bioactive phytochemical extracts.•Avocado by-products have nutritional and functional properties.
•HT produces a cellulose rich solid with high susceptibility to enzymatic attack.•EH efficiency is negatively affected by solid loading increase.•Cellulases undergo rapid activity lose during the ...first hours of saccharification.•Horizontal bioreactors improve glucose production at high solid loadings.
One of the major challenges in biofuels production from lignocellulosic biomass is the generation of high glucose titers from cellulose in the enzymatic hydrolysis stage of pretreated biomass to guarantee a cost-effective process. Therefore, the enzymatic saccharification on cellulose at high solid loading is an alternative. In this work, the agave bagasse was hydrothermally pretreated and optimized at 194 °C/30 min, obtaining a pretreated solid rich in cellulose content (>46.46%), and subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis at high solid levels. A horizontal bioreactor was designed for enzyme saccharification at high solid loadings 25% (w/v). The bioreactor improved mixing efficiency, with cellulose conversions up to 98% (195.6 g/L at 72 h). Moreover, mathematical modeling of cellulase deactivation demonstrated that cellulases lose most of their initial activity in the first hours of the reaction. Also, cellulose was characterized by X-ray diffraction, and the pretreated solids were visualized using scanning electron microscopy.
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•Hydrothermal processing is a promising pretreatment for biomass fractionation.•Steam explosion and liquid hot water solubilize and depolymerize hemicellulose.•Hydrothermal ...pretreatment stage plays an important role in the biorefinery concept.•The severity factor correlates the operating conditions of temperature and time.
Hydrothermal processes are an attractive clean technology and cost-effective engineering platform for biorefineries based in the conversion of biomass to biofuels and high-value bioproducts under the basis of sustainability and circular bioeconomy. The deep and detailed knowledge of the structural changes by the severity of biomasses hydrothermal fractionation is scientifically and technological needed in order to improve processes effectiveness, reactors designs, and industrial application of the multi-scale target compounds obtained by steam explosion and liquid hot water systems. The concept of the severity factor log10 (Ro) established>30 years ago, continues to be a useful index that can provide a simple descriptor of the relationship between the operational conditions for biomass fractionation in second generation of biorefineries. This review develops a deep explanation of the hydrothermal severity factor based in lignocellulosic biomass fractionation with emphasis in research advances, pretreatment operations and the applications of severity factor kinetic model.
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