High level of novelty under the hood of convergent evolution Van Belleghem, Steven M; Ruggieri, Angelo A; Concha, Carolina ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
03/2023, Letnik:
379, Številka:
6636
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Little is known about the extent to which species use homologous regulatory architectures to achieve phenotypic convergence. By characterizing chromatin accessibility and gene expression in ...developing wing tissues, we compared the regulatory architecture of convergence between a pair of mimetic butterfly species. Although a handful of color pattern genes are known to be involved in their convergence, our data suggest that different mutational paths underlie the integration of these genes into wing pattern development. This is supported by a large fraction of accessible chromatin being exclusive to each species, including the de novo lineage-specific evolution of a modular
enhancer. These findings may be explained by a high level of developmental drift and evolutionary contingency that occurs during the independent evolution of mimicry.
Despite insertions and deletions being the most common structural variants (SVs) found across genomes, not much is known about how much these SVs vary within populations and between closely related ...species, nor their significance in evolution. To address these questions, we characterized the evolution of indel SVs using genome assemblies of three closely related
butterfly species. Over the relatively short evolutionary timescales investigated, up to 18.0% of the genome was composed of indels between two haplotypes of an individual
butterfly and up to 62.7% included lineage-specific SVs between the genomes of the most distant species (11 Mya). Lineage-specific sequences were mostly characterized as transposable elements (TEs) inserted at random throughout the genome and their overall distribution was similarly affected by linked selection as single nucleotide substitutions. Using chromatin accessibility profiles (i.e., ATAC-seq) of head tissue in caterpillars to identify sequences with potential
-regulatory function, we found that out of the 31,066 identified differences in chromatin accessibility between species, 30.4% were within lineage-specific SVs and 9.4% were characterized as TE insertions. These TE insertions were localized closer to gene transcription start sites than expected at random and were enriched for sites with significant resemblance to several transcription factor binding sites with known function in neuron development in
We also identified 24 TE insertions with head-specific chromatin accessibility. Our results show high rates of structural genome evolution that were previously overlooked in comparative genomic studies and suggest a high potential for structural variation to serve as raw material for adaptive evolution.
Components of the so-called endocannabinoid system, i.e., cannabinoid receptors, endocannabinoids, as well as enzymes involved in endocannabinoid synthesis and degradation, have been identified both ...in the gastrointestinal and in the urinary tract. Evidence suggests that the endocannabinoid system is implicated in many gastrointestinal and urinary physiological and pathophysiological processes, including epithelial cell growth, inflammation, analgesia, and motor function. A pharmacological modulation of the endocannabinoid system might be beneficial for widespread diseases such as gastrointestinal reflux disease, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, colon cancer, cystitis, and hyperactive bladder. Drugs that inhibit endocannabinoid degradation and raise the level of endocannabinoids, non-psychotropic cannabinoids (notably cannabidiol), and palmitoylethanolamide, an acylethanolamide co-released with the endocannabinoid anandamide, are promising candidates for gastrointestinal and urinary diseases.
The paper presents a machine-learning based framework, named VULMA (VULnerability analysis using MAchine-learning), for vulnerability analysis of existing buildings. The underlying idea is to provide ...an indication of the seismic vulnerability by exploiting available photographs, which can be properly processed to provide some input data for empirical vulnerability algorithms. To this scope, a complete processing pipeline has been defined, which consists in four consecutive modules offering different and specific services. The first module, Street VULMA, performs the image gathering starting from the raw data; the second module, Data VULMA, provides a mean for the data labelling and storage; the third module, Bi VULMA, uses the collected data to train several machine-learning models for image classification; the fourth module, In VULMA, performs a ranking of the images, their analysis and consequently assigns the vulnerability index. The proposed procedure has been employed on the existing building portfolio in an extended area of the municipality of Bisceglie, Puglia, Southern Italy, for which all the modules have been tested and, above all, the machine-learning models of Bi VULMA have been trained. After, in order to test the efficiency and the reliability of the proposed tools, the entire procedure has been applied on five case study buildings. The results in terms of vulnerability index have been compared with the manual computations performed by the authors applying the same algorithm. Despite the proposed tool could be improved or modified in some of its modules, the obtained results show a good effectiveness of VULMA, which opens new scenarios in the field of vulnerability assessment procedures and risk mitigation strategies.
•Proposal of a framework for the vulnerability analysis of existing building starting from a photo: VULMA;•Definition of the four modules characterizing VULMA: Street VULMA, Data VULMA, Bi VULMA and In VULMA;•Application and training of the proposed procedure to a dataset extracted from a municipality of Southern Italy and testing and validation of the tool;•Assessment and proposal of VULMA as new instrument for the definition of the vulnerability response of individual buildings and for the seismic risk estimate at large-scale.
Abstract
Only in the last years, Sustainable Open Innovation has become a unique issue from the convergence between the concept of Open Innovation and sustainability as well as a challenge for the ...future business models of companies. Given that the aim to build a more sustainable world is one of the most relevant targets to reach over the world, the present work has focused on how Open Innovation is a catalyst for sustainability, by proposing a model for the case study in an underdeveloped sector, such as the energy one. Specifically, through the analysis of the ENEL case study, the relationship between Open Innovation (OI) and a strategic approach to CSR has emerged. The strategic approach to CSR, guided by open leadership aimed at involving stakeholders and creating shared value, creates an organizational culture and an environment favorable to the development of Open Innovation strategies; furthermore, the Open Innovation processes support the integration of the social, environmental, and economic objectives of companies. The findings show how Open Innovation can address sustainability practices and objectives. Through the application of the framework called SKiN, which provides a qualitative and replicable tool, the study allows to evaluate the
organizational permeability
as a critical success factor for both sustainability strategies and innovation.
We hypothesized that cannulation strategy in venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) could play a crucial role in the perioperative survival of patients affected by postcardiotomy ...shock.
Between January 2010 and March 2018, 781 adult patients receiving VA-ECMO for postcardiotomy shock at 19 cardiac surgical centers were retrieved from the Postcardiotomy Veno-arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation study registry. A parallel systematic review and meta-analysis (PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library) through December 2018 was also accomplished.
Central and peripheral VA-ECMO cannulation were performed in 245 (31.4%) and 536 (68.6%) patients, respectively. Main indications for the institution VA-ECMO were failure to wean from cardiopulmonary bypass (38%) and heart failure following cardiopulmonary bypass weaning (48%). The doubly robust analysis after inverse probability treatment weighting by propensity score demonstrated that central VA-ECMO was associated with greater hospital mortality (odds ratio 1.54; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-2.18), reoperation for bleeding/tamponade (odds ratio, 1.96; 95% confidence interval, 1.37-2.81), and transfusion of more than 9 RBC units (odds ratio, 2.42; 95% confidence interval, 1.59-3.67). The systematic review provided a total of 2491 individuals with postcardiotomy shock treated with VA-ECMO. Pooled prevalence of in-hospital/30-day mortality in overall patient population was 66.6% (95% confidence interval, 64.7-68.4%), and pooled unadjusted risk ratio analysis confirmed that patients undergoing peripheral VA-ECMO had a lower in-hospital/30-day mortality than patients undergoing central cannulation (risk ratio, 0.92; 95% confidence interval, 0.87-0.98). Adjustments for important confounders did not alter our results.
In patients with postcardiotomy shock treated with VA-ECMO, central cannulation was associated with greater in-hospital mortality than peripheral cannulation.
This study was planned to pool existing data on outcome and to evaluate the efficacy of postcardiotomy venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) in adult patients.
Systematic review ...of the literature and meta-analysis.
Multi-institutional study.
Adult patients with acute heart failure immediately after cardiac surgery.
VA-ECMO after cardiac surgery. Studies evaluating only heart transplant patients were excluded from this analysis.
A literature search was performed to identify studies published since 2000. Thirty-one studies reported on 2,986 patients (mean age, 58.1 years) who required postcardiotomy VA-ECMO. The weaning rate from VA-ECMO was 59.5% and hospital survival was 36.1% (95% CI 31.5-40.8). The pooled rate of reoperation for bleeding was 42.9%, major neurological event 11.3%, lower limb ischemia 10.8%, deep sternal wound infection/mediastinitis 14.7%, and renal replacement therapy 47.1%. The pooled mean number of transfused red blood cell units was 17.7 (95% CI 13.3-22.1). The mean stay in the intensive care unit was 13.3 days (95% CI 10.2-16.4). Survivors were significantly younger (mean, 55.7 v 63.6 years, p = 0.015) and their blood lactate level before starting VA-ECMO was lower (mean, 7.7 v 10.7 mmol/L, p = 0.028) than patients who died. One-year survival rate was 30.9% (95% CI 24.3-37.5).
Pooled data showed that VA-ECMO may salvage one-third of patients unresponsive to any other resuscitative treatment after adult cardiac surgery.
The paper presents an analytical-mechanical based procedure to estimate the seismic overall fragility of existing reinforced concrete building portfolios in town compartments, as reduced areas of a ...municipality. The proposed methodology is based on two main concepts: (a) to consider all typological parameters characterizing the entire set of buildings located in a certain urban area and their variability through an analytical procedure; (b) to employ a mechanical approach by means of ideal numerical models to estimate the safety level of the focused sample of buildings. Hence, the methodology allows to compute seismic overall fragility curves, obtained by using laws of total variance and expectation and weighing factors proportional to the probability of having a certain configuration of typological parameters with determined values. To test the proposed procedure, some town compartments of the municipality of Bisceglie, Puglia, Southern Italy, were investigated by firstly identifying the most recurrent typological features exploiting multisource data, after by elaborating an extensive campaign of modelling and analysis on different ideal buildings (herein named realizations) and finally by computing fragility curves for each realization and for the set of ideal buildings. The results show overall fragilities curves for the investigated town compartments, which are obtained in a different way from the existing procedures, by avoiding an a-priori selection of one or more index buildings to represent the specific building portfolio and the definition of a specific building taxonomy.
Multicenter study on postcardiotomy venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation Biancari, Fausto; Dalén, Magnus; Fiore, Antonio ...
Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery/The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery/The journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery,
05/2020, Letnik:
159, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors associated with early mortality after postcardiotomy venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
This is an analysis of the postcardiotomy ...extracorporeal membrane oxygenation registry, a retrospective multicenter cohort study including 781 patients aged more than 18 years who required venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiopulmonary failure after cardiac surgery from 2010 to 2018 at 19 cardiac surgery centers.
After a mean venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy of 6.9 ± 6.2 days, hospital and 1-year mortality were 64.4% and 67.2%, respectively. Hospital mortality after venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy for more than 7 days was 60.5% (P = .105). Centers that had treated more than 50 patients with postcardiotomy venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation had a significantly lower hospital mortality than lower-volume centers (60.7% vs 70.7%, adjusted odds ratio, 0.58; 95% confidence interval, 0.41-0.82). The postcardiotomy extracorporeal membrane oxygenation score was derived by assigning a weighted integer to each independent pre–venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation predictors of hospital mortality as follows: female gender (1 point), advanced age (60-69 years, 2 points; ≥70 years, 4 points), prior cardiac surgery (1 point), arterial lactate 6.0 mmol/L or greater before venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (2 points), aortic arch surgery (4 points), and preoperative stroke/unconsciousness (5 points). The hospital mortality rates according to the postcardiotomy extracorporeal membrane oxygenation score was 0 point, 45.6%; 1 point, 40.5%; 2 points, 51.1%; 3 points, 57.8%; 4 points, 70.7%; 5 points, 68.3%; 6 points, 77.5%; and 7 points or more, 89.7% (P < .0001).
Age, female gender, prior cardiac surgery, preoperative acute neurologic events, aortic arch surgery, and increased arterial lactate were associated with increased risk of early mortality after postcardiotomy venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Center experience with postcardiotomy venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation may contribute to improved results.
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