DNA samples from 100 patients with cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) were compared with those of 98 unaffected control individuals with respect to transforming growth factor alpha (TGFA) ...genotypes. Among the Caucasians in this population (83 CL/P, 84 controls), there was a significant difference in the restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) observed after digestion with TaqI (chi 2 = 4.68, P = 0.03). The frequency of the C2 allele in the Caucasian CL/P population was 0.169, whereas that in the control group was 0.089. When the data for Caucasians, African-Americans, and Asians were examined jointly, the chi 2 value for the pooled sample was 5.08 (P = 0.02). This confirms the hypothesis of Ardinger et al. 1989, Am J Hum Genet, 45:348-353 that TFGA itself or a closely linked gene contributes to the development of CL/P in humans.
This was an exploratory study of Tel-A-Friend, a telephone crisis intervention centre in the city of Windsor, Ontario. A comparison was made of this centre with the Distress Centre in Toronto, ...Ontario. The population of the study in the city of Windsor was defined as those people who called Tel-A-Friend during the month of August 1970 and November 1-5, and November 7, 1970. In Toronto the population was defined as those who called the Distress Centre during the month of August 1970 and November 1-6, and November 8, 1970. The sample size for Windsor was the total population, totalling 256 calls in August, and 39 calls for the period in November 1970. In Toronto, where the population was much larger, a random sample was made; selecting every fourth call. The Toronto sample was 255 calls for August 1970 and 64 calls for the period in November 1970. In Windsor, the data was collected by the telephone volunteers, who completed a four page check-list (Appendix 4) for each of the sample calls. In Toronto, the researchers completed the four page check-list from the agency's report form (Appendix 5) for each of the sample calls. The findings of this study partially answered the questions posed in the research proposal: (1) Do the callers have social and psychological needs which the agency is prepared to handle? (2) Is the agency effective in helping the caller handle his feelings? (3) Is the agency effective in crisis intervention? (4) How does Tel-A-Friend, a new agency, in Windsor, compare in function and approach with the Distress Centre in Toronto, which has been an operation for three years? The study revealed that: (1) The callers to Tel-A-Friend in Windsor and the Distress Centre in Toronto were generally considered to be depressed, lonely or distressed; and the volunteers in both centres felt they were effective in bringing about a change in these moods during the call. (2) The volunteers in both agencies in this study appear to have rendered a helpful service to their callers. However, the Windsor volunteers, who knew they were collecting data for a study, assessed themselves as more effective than the Toronto volunteers who had no knowledge of the study. (3) The two agencies are engaged in crisis intervention which effects a change in the reaction of their callers to hazardous situations, and the volunteers feel they are effective in this form of crisis intervention. (4) Tel-A-Friend in Windsor and the Distress Centre in Toronto do differ in their function and approach as follows: (a) Tel-A-Friend does not have any full-time paid staff; whereas the Distress Centre has a full-time paid Director. (b) Tel-A-Friend only operates from 8 p.m. to 1 a.m. on week days and 6 p.m. to 2 a.m. on weekends; whereas the Distress Centre operates 24 hours every day of the week. (c) Tel-A-Friend does not provide an ongoing continuous training programme for their volunteers; whereas the Distress Centre does provide such a programme. (d) Tel-A-Friend does not record and classify the calls coming into their agency; whereas the Distress Centre does keep very fine records of each call received by their agency. While there are differences in the structure and function of these two agencies; there appears to be great similarity in the manner in which their volunteers handle the callers. Also the majority of callers to both agencies were female; and usually calling about personal difficulties; and appeared to be depressed, lonely or distressed.
Effects of hypothermia on behavior ANDJUS, R K; KNOPFELMACHER, F; RUSSELL, R W ...
Nature (London),
1955-Nov-26, Letnik:
176, Številka:
4491
Journal Article
Availability and Formation of Stereotypes Jones, Russell A; Scott, Joanne; Solernou, Jose ...
Perceptual and motor skills,
04/1977, Letnik:
44, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Availability refers to the ease with which instances of a particular class of events can be brought to mind, & constitutes a potential source of bias in judgments of the size of that class. Bias ...occurs when the magnitudes of related classes do not correspond to the ease with which instances of those classes can be retrieved from memory. Previous research has indicated that, if events in a class are defined by the co-occurrence of phenomena that are themselves rare, then recall of that class is likely to be facilitiated & its magnitude exaggerated. Based on a study by D. L. Hamilton & R. K. Gifford ("Illusory Correlation in Interpersonal Perception: A Cognitive Basis of Stereotypic Judgments," Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1976, 12, 392-407) an experiment was designed in which 21 M & 23 F Ss viewed a series of slides. On each slide an attribution of a desirable or an undesirable trait was made to a member of one of two fictitious groups. The slide set was constructed such that one group had twice as many members as the other; desirable traits were 2.5 times more frequent than undesirable traits, & each group had the same ratio of members with undesirable vs desirable traits. As anticipated, when asked to recall the number of undesirable characteristics attributed to the two groups, Ss significantly overestimated the number of such characteristics that had been assigned to the smaller group. The results are discussed in terms of the concepts of availability & illusory correlations. Modified HA.
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